tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-91946366559163911912024-02-07T04:49:46.296-08:00Ionic CompoundsChemistry is one of the chemicals, ionic compounds where the United ionic bonds ions in the structure of the formula of metal cations in general, positive ion and a polyatomic anion is the negatively chargedUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger43125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-66167699928136718022011-12-27T16:44:00.000-08:002011-12-27T16:44:23.469-08:00basically defined ionic compounds<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><script type='text/javascript'><!--
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Ionic compounds are basically defined in such a way that compounds containing two or more ions are considered alongside electrical attraction. One of the positively charged ions (called "cations") and the second is a negative charge ("anion"). Cations are usually the metal atoms and anions are polyatomic ions or metals (ions with more than one atom). Thinking about school: the same thing that makes the positive and negative ends of the magnet attached to one another, which makes the cations and anions cling to each other.<br />
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Usually, when we are ionic compounds, forming large crystals, you can see with the naked eye. Table salt is an example of this - if you look at a salt crystal, it is likely that you will be able to see which looks a bit 'like a cube. This is because the salt as a stack of small cube-shaped.<br />
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Sometimes, when you see the salt, dust appears in place of the cube. This does not mean that salt is not a crystal - it means that the crystals are so small that you can not see with the naked eye. If you were to put the dust under a microscope, chances are you've seen a bit 'of geometric blocks.<br />
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So what are the important properties of salts? Well, I'm sure glad you asked ...<br />
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All ionic compounds form crystals. As far as I know, there are exceptions. Once again, the desire to form salt crystals, because when there is a whole series of small positive and negative electrical charges, all stuck together, seem to be happy bunch of small groups of stacking. The arrangement of these ions as part of a stack is different, and is called "unit cell". There are a dozen different types of cells generic units. When you graduate, you ask them. High school classes, it really is not so important.<br />
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Ionic compounds tend to have high melting and boiling points. When I say "high", which I think is "very, very high." Most of the time when working with ionic compounds in a chemistry class, the melting temperature is warm enough that you can not melt them with a Bunsen burner. So why such high temperatures? Well, it has to do with how the ionic materials are held together. Remember how we said earlier that crystals form ionic compounds? These crystals are really just great big blocks of positive and negative charges while being held. To break the positive and negative charges apart, it takes a tremendous amount of energy. This means that if we heat the fabric to add energy, it requires an enormous amount of energy to break.<br />
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Ionic compounds are very hard and very fragile. Again, it is because of how they stick together. Above we said that it takes a lot of energy to break the positive and negative charges apart. This is why ionic compounds are so difficult - it simply does not move much, so it does not bend at all. This also explains the fragility of the ionic compounds. It takes lots of energy for ionic charges of others. However, if we give a large crystal hit hard enough with a hammer, usually end up with more energy to break the glass the glass is not broken in one place, but a lot of places. Instead of cutting to the chase, is shattered.<br />
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Of electricity when ionic compounds dissolve in water. If we take salt and dissolved in water, the water molecules pull the positive and negative ions from each other. (This is due to the unusual properties of water, but it's a different story a different time). In contrast, the ions adjacent to each other, walking around in water. Now, think about what that power is - I hope you remember that electricity is only the movement of electrons through the metal (or elsewhere). Now, the electrons are the only negatively charged particles, and metals are the property of their own good, allowing them to go around. The salts are dissolved in the same way. When the salt dissolves in water, positive and negative ions in the water with the electrons to flow much better than if just had the water itself. Voila! The salt water does! The question is, maybe it is, "'the flow of electricity through crystals of salt?" Nope. It does not.<br />
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Because the ions are trapped in a place due to the crystal structure is electrically not move very well. Another good question: "Is the water without salt in the conduct electricity?" The answer: Not very well. The water itself is a lousy leader. The reason that sets hair in Boneheads the bath with them again in the donut man is that when they wash all the dirt on them will be dissolved in water. Some of ionic impurities, so when the dryer hit the water, they get zapped . A "thought experiment" It would be interesting to wash all the salt for yourself and then drop a hairdryer in the bath with you. In theory, you would be fine. In real life, would you still become a creature crunch because the tap water itself, there are ionic compounds dissolved in anyway.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-44488162743395015302011-12-27T16:41:00.000-08:002011-12-27T16:41:03.711-08:00powered by disqus<script type='text/javascript'><!--
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="position: relative; z-index: -38;"><span style="height: 95px; left: 582px; position: absolute; top: -23px; width: 73px;"><img height="95" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1226" width="73" /></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ionic Bonding Puzzle Lab<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Introduction<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">When metals and non-metals chemically react, the atoms will tend to form <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ions</b> or charged atoms. Ions form because <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">electrons</b> are either gained or lost. Metals will generally form <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cations</b> or positive ions, since they tend to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">donate</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">electrons</b> Non-metals will form <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">anions</b> or negative ions, since they tend to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">accept</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">electrons</b>.<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Activity<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">In this activity you will create models of ionic compounds and observe the chemical formula of the binary molecules you have created. Your data will be recorded in a data table or chart, similar to the one below.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal">Cation name<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal">Anion name<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal">Chemical Formula<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.2in;" valign="top" width="211"><div class="MsoNormal">Name<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.2in;" valign="top" width="211"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Discussion/Conclusion (talk with your classmates and address in your write-up)<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>Notice the shape and charge of each cation model. Why do you think there are slots in the metal atoms? (TIP: How do the atoms become ions?)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>Notice the shape and charge of the anion models. Why do you think there are tabs in the non-metal atoms?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>If you were to make a neutral atom following the model, what would the shape be?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>Group the ion models by family. What do you notice about the number of tabs or slots? What do you notice about the tabs or slots and charge of all ions? Is there a pattern? Why do you think the model is made that way?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>In the compounds you formed, what do you notice about the ion charges, the net or final charge of the compound and how the charge relates to the chemical formula of the compound?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>What do you notice about the names of the cations and anions on the cards. How do they compare with the name of the neutral atom or element. Do all metals have a number in parenthesis? Do the non-metals have anything in common about their name? </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>Is there a pattern between elements in a group or family and any numbers on the Periodic Table? (TIP: Think octet rule and how many electrons are involved to meet octet.)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ionic Bonding Model Lab Scoring Rubric<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 405.9pt;" valign="top" width="541"><div class="MsoNormal">Lab format follows the expected guidelines in the handout. Blank page on left for scores, Title, Purpose, Materials, Procedure, Data table, Discussion/Conclusion.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Data is organized into a table with the names of cation, anion, chemical formula and compound name.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Discussion and Conclusion addresses:<o:p></o:p></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;">Explain how the model relates to the ion; number and shape of slot, (ie. charge, cation, anion), what a neutral atom would look like in the model.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;">Explain how elements are organized on the Periodic Table of Elements (i.e the category; metal or non-metal; and charge of the ion; amount of charge and position on the Periodic Table of Elements related to the valence electrons.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;">Explain the connection between the ion charge and the ratio of atoms in the chemical formula for the ionic compound (the pieces fit together to balance charge)<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;">Identify the similarity in the name for all non-metal anions, similarity in the name for Alkai Metal and Alkaline Earth Metal cations; similarity in the name for all other metal cations.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 405.9pt;" valign="top" width="541"><div class="MsoNormal">Lab format follows the guidelines in the handout. Blank page on left for scores<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Data does not have 40 combinations, cation name, anion name, charge chemical symbol, and chemical name<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Missing some topics in the discussion or there is some incorrect information in parts of Discussion/Conclusion or data table.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 405.9pt;" valign="top" width="541"><div class="MsoNormal">Formatting problem<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Conceptual errors when writing chemical formula or name of compounds<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Missing or incorrect information in many parts of the Discussion/Conclusion<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 405.9pt;" valign="top" width="541"><div class="MsoNormal">Major problems or conceptual errors.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="position: relative; z-index: -1;"><span style="height: 95px; left: 580px; position: absolute; top: -31px; width: 73px;"><img height="95" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1263" width="73" /></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ionic Bonding Puzzle Lab Notes<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><u>The Model<o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">Metals ___________ electrons and become positive ions or ______________.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">Non-metals __________ electrons and become negative ions or _____________.</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">lose, cations, gain, anions<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="height: 74px; margin-left: 316px; margin-top: 22px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 210;"><img height="74" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1235" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 38px; margin-left: 268px; margin-top: 22px; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 211;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1236" width="50" /></span> neutral atom ions</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> </div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="3" width="52"></td> <td width="146"></td> <td width="70"></td> <td width="50"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="38"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1237" width="50" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="6"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="74"></td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="74" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1227 _x0000_s1231 _x0000_s1232" width="146" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> metal <span style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> </div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="8" width="52"></td> <td width="146"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="2"></td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1228" width="146" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="52"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="74"></td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="74" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1229 _x0000_s1233 _x0000_s1234" width="146" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> non-metal <span style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> </div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="22" width="52"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td></td> <td><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1230" width="146" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Using the same analogy for the atom, what would a +2 cation and a -2 anion look like?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><u>Bonding and Predicting Chemical Formulas<o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 38px; left: 0px; margin-left: 316px; margin-top: 28px; position: absolute; width: 74px; z-index: 213;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1238" width="74" /></span><span style="height: 38px; left: 0px; margin-left: 292px; margin-top: 28px; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 214;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1239" width="50" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">The ______________ show the ___________ of each atom in the ________________.</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">subscripts, ratio, compound<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">For an ionic bond, the ________ need to balance _____________. The _____________ of each ion changes to make the compound _____________. The chemical ___________ shows how many of each ion are needed to _____________ the ____________ and make the compound neutral.</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Ions, charge, number, neutral, formula, balance<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">What ratio will the +1 and -1 ions combine to balance the charge?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="height: 100px; left: -20px; position: relative; top: 26px; width: 374px; z-index: 218;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="0" width="0"></td> <td width="146"></td> <td width="34"></td> <td width="194"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="38"></td> <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top"><img height="74" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1240 _x0000_s1245 _x0000_s1248" width="146" /></td> <td></td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1243 _x0000_s1244" width="194" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="36"></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="height: 38px; margin-left: 160px; margin-top: 7px; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 221;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1246" width="50" /></span><span style="height: 38px; margin-left: 76px; margin-top: 7px; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 222;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1247" width="50" /></span> + <span style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="height: 17px; left: -20px; position: relative; top: 15px; width: 374px; z-index: 216;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="0" width="0"></td> <td width="146"></td> <td width="82"></td> <td width="146"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="2"></td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1241" width="146" /></td> <td></td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1242" width="146" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">What ratio will the +2 and -1 ions combine to balance the charge?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="position: relative; z-index: 225;"><span style="height: 255px; left: -20px; position: absolute; top: -167px; width: 374px;"> </span></span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="0" width="0"></td> <td width="146"></td> <td width="34"></td> <td width="192"></td> <td width="2"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="74"></td> <td colspan="3"></td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="74" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1262" width="2" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="106"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="75"></td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="75" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1250 _x0000_s1252 _x0000_s1254 _x0000_s1256" width="146" /></td> <td></td> <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top"><img height="75" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1249 _x0000_s1258 _x0000_s1259 _x0000_s1261" width="194" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="height: 2px; margin-left: 208px; margin-top: 2px; position: absolute; width: 146px; z-index: 235;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1260" width="146" /></span><span style="height: 38px; margin-left: 76px; margin-top: 2px; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 230;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1255" width="50" /></span><span style="height: 74px; margin-left: -20px; margin-top: 2px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 228;"><img height="74" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1253" width="2" /></span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> + </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%;">à</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="height: 50px; left: -20px; position: relative; top: 10px; width: 146px; z-index: 226;"><img height="40" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1251 _x0000_s1257" width="146" /></span><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><u>Naming or Nomenclature<o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">Use the name on the puzzle pieces to determine the name of each compound you created. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TIP</b>: In this lab if you create binary compounds you will save yourself time.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">What do all of the Type II ions have in common?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">What does the Roman Numeral show for a Type II ion?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Notice the Type ____ ions do not have a Roman Numeral. What are the charges of an ion formed from a Type I metal?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">What do all ________ atomic non-metals or _______________ have in common?</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">mono-, anions<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TIP</b>: To make a subscript for a chemical formula, highlight the number and from the menu bar, select Format > Font > Subscript or A<sub>2</sub> on the Font Formatting Pallette</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-14192650917644643952011-12-27T16:36:00.000-08:002011-12-27T16:36:22.295-08:00compounds can be molecular or ionic<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">The compounds can be molecular or ionic<br />
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Substances can be classified as molecular compounds or ionic compounds.<br />
<br />
(. Pronounce "eye'-ons") are ionic compounds composed of ions Ions are atoms or molecules that have a global charge: positively charged ions are called cations (pronounced "Eye-cat'-ons") and negatively charged ions are called anions (pronounced "an eyes-ons"). A molecule that carries a positive or negative overall charge is called a polyatomic ion. Ionic compounds can be recognized as compounds formed by a metal attached to a nonmetal or polyatomic ion containing compounds.<br />
<br />
Molecular compounds are those that contain only non-metals are glued together, and where there are polyatomic ions are present.<br />
<br />
CaCl2 is an ionic compound containing a metal and attached to a metal does not.<br />
<br />
NH4NO3 is an ionic compound because it contains at least one polyatomic ion. (More information about polyatomic ions later ...)<br />
<br />
NH3 and H2O would be molecular compounds that contain only nonmetals bonded together and there are polyatomic ions.<br />
<br />
The smallest unit of a molecular compound is a molecule. In an ionic compound, there is no molecule units, but there is a matrix or network of repeating units of cations and anions, which we call a "unit of the formula."<br />
<br />
Writing formulas for binary ionic compounds<br />
<br />
Binary ionic compounds, as its name suggests, consists of two elements. How to write the correct formula for ionic compounds formed between a metal and non metal? There are three steps, you will remember them by practicing how to write formulas.<br />
<br />
1. Insert a symbol of the cation, then the symbol of an anion. And 'ionic compound formed between magnesium and chlorine, writes Mg 2 Cl-1.<br />
<br />
2. Cruz taxes and the load on the cation becomes the index for the anion and the charge for the anion becomes the subscript for the cation. Thus in the example of magnesium chloride, can be written MgCl 2 -1. Place the positive and negative signs. For magnesium chloride, the formula would MgCl2. (If the index is 1, not written.)<br />
<br />
3. Reduce and simplify so that the rates are the lowest of integers. For example, the ionic compound formed between calcium and sulfur, Ca +2 and S-2 Ca2S2 CaS.<br />
<br />
4. Even if an ionic compound is composed of charged particles, should be combined so that the compound has a net charge of zero, so that the compound is neutral.<br />
<br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-71582470287126062742011-08-27T23:57:00.000-07:002011-12-27T16:25:18.926-08:00Binary is composed of substance...<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><script type='text/javascript'><!--
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Binary is composed of a substance whose molecules consist of atoms of two parts. Individual atoms, each molecule can vary, but must belong to only two elements, isotopes, even if the items are allowed. Binary compounds in the definition, some of the simplest compounds in all of nature, but also some of the principal as well as organic and inorganic chemicals. They are broadly classified as ionic or covalent, depending on the bonding between atoms. Several sub-groups and divisions of binary chemical compounds to identify the class and educational purposes.<br />
<br />
A substance consisting of a metal and a nonmetallic element is a binary ionic compound. These compounds are formed when the positively charged ions bond with the negatively charged ions. Ionic bonds form the atoms are very strong and require a lot of energy to break. In most cases, the positively charged ions are atoms of the metal, and negatively charged ions from a metal no. Many compounds are salts such as common table salt which is composed of a sodium atom and a chlorine atom.<br />
<br />
Another important type consists of a combination of atoms linked by covalent bonds. Covalent chemical bonds are not as strong as ionic bonds, ie the relatively low energy needed to break them. Hydrocarbons consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms are of a type of binary covalent compound. Water is perhaps the most familiar. This compound covalently consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.<br />
<br />
Chemists have developed a system for naming chemicals and other substances, and knowing little about the conventions of the system can help identify some binary compounds using their own names. The names of ionic compounds, which tend to be associated with a metal non-metal, is generally formulated with the name of the metal, followed by an abbreviation of the name of the non-metallic, with the suffix "-ide . 'For example, the sodium chloride salt, the "idea" to help identify it as a binary relation. Covalent compounds follow the same conventions, and binary compounds of two different period may have changed with a prefix, and describe more atoms of an element, such as carbon dioxide, which has two oxygen atoms. Other rules apply to certain other special cases, and sometimes, a substance do not follow the conventions at all.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5nOcuGKtydkgn7v8H7R_l_m11hcZ8oa7e7Smo4O3XZLNsHV57yWsx9NQQXTdBnFensmGTma2Xg-fB_7B0j4KVdUVsj7iitagigL3VeghB2jYXPGc4_kmPNhEGuzQ3saZg10DOyly_TZg/s1600/binary-model.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5nOcuGKtydkgn7v8H7R_l_m11hcZ8oa7e7Smo4O3XZLNsHV57yWsx9NQQXTdBnFensmGTma2Xg-fB_7B0j4KVdUVsj7iitagigL3VeghB2jYXPGc4_kmPNhEGuzQ3saZg10DOyly_TZg/s1600/binary-model.jpg" /></a></div><br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-71612010278768415592011-08-17T21:58:00.001-07:002011-12-27T16:26:06.119-08:00Patterns of Chemical Bonding<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><script type='text/javascript'><!--
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Only a few elements on the periodic table are satisfied with their arrangement of electrons. This is due to an imbalance between the perceived positive and negative forces of attraction involved in the atom. Collage may be seen as a form of atoms undergo correction, resulting from the electronic configuration as stable as possible a full shell. This pattern is known Asthe octet rule. It is so called because the second row elements, and who need to fill eight valence electron shells. This is a golden rule, and there are many exceptions to this, but generally the elements combine in a way that results in that there are 8 valence electrons in their shells. An important exception is the closest orbital electron to the nucleus, this orbit requires only two electrons to fill it.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The electrons necessary for this purpose are not free, must come from somewhere. This is where the atomic bond This occurs when two atoms, dissatisfied with their electronic configurations meet to share / exchange of electrons to obtain a more stable configuration. There are two main types of atomic bonds:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A covalent bond where electrons are shared.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bond ionic bonding that occurs after the transfer of electrons.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">When you think of covalent bonds, always, always think about sharing. Atoms together and share electrons with each other in a sort of meshing model. This is the most common bond, and is completely non-metals.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ionic bonds, however, occur when the attraction of one atom to another is sufficient to tear an electron-atom valence shell and make it part of them. Reception, or steal, the atom is the atom charge more positive than that, it takes between when the electron with negative charge more attractive the atom, was part of the first.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This change causes ionization, charge exchange of neutral atoms, both atoms. Exchange leads to a more stable configuration of the second atom, but what about the atom the electron has been taken in the first place? After that, and will deionize restabalize. Ionic bond forms when the positive charge (electron-deficient), the atom by atom is attracted to, the more negative charge (electron-rich). This attraction is not just the transfer of electrons. Thus the term "ionic bond" is a somewhat 'misleading. A more appropriate term would be "ionic attraction '</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A "real life" alongside the covalent vs ionic dynamics of a pair of hand in front of a person being robbed, respectively. The couple shares a mutual attraction and covalent bonds are more stable than single, and there is a common link between them. A person who is being stolen and the thief closing (atom) and robbery (electrons) are more closely parallel the dynamics of ionic bond, because there is a common bond between the atoms, rather than an attraction.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">You can ask how an ionic bond prefer a more stable configuration for the two atoms when one of them gets much the tree? For that, you believe that the elements are more attractive than others to electrons, called electro negativity, and it generally increases with the atom approaches a more stable configuration. If an atom with low electronegativity (such as sodium, which has an "extra" electrons), to something that has a high electronegativity (such as fluorine, which needs a more electrons to satisfy the byte), fluoride, sodium steal its electron to obtain a more stable configuration. Sodium is now slightly unfortunate, because now a more positive effect of the nucleus of a negative force of its electrons. It will have an equally mild attraction for the electron has been lost. This creates a situation that is lower in energy and more stable.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The molecule formed by this bond, in particular, is known as sodium fluoride, and is an excellent example of a salt. A salt is an ionic compound formed by bonds.Given the nature of their duties, the salts are very low and usually very soluble. Acids and bases are usually found in salt form (HCl and NaOH) for hydrogen (H) and hydronium (OH-) easily dissociate chlorine and sodium, respectively, in aqueous solution. All salts are called in this way, the first metal, nonmetal second and adds the suffix "IDE".</span><br />
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</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-19926238010960437862011-08-15T22:45:00.001-07:002011-12-27T16:26:35.081-08:00How ionic compounds Workstation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
How ionic compounds Workstation<br />
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All ionic compounds are made up of tiny crystalline structures, which consist of positively charged particles called cations and negatively charged particles known as anions. In an ionic substance. Cations and anions to form a grid band that is very hard and brittle when you are in a solid state, ionic compounds are good electrical conductors because their ions can not move much. In an ionic liquid or substance which was dissolved in a polar solvent, however, is an ionic compound the ions are separated and allow electrons to move freely between them.<br />
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Applications<br />
<br />
Ionic compounds have many uses. Table salt is an ionic compound. In fact, all forms of ionic salts. As a result, ionic compounds are mixed with other substances to produce different properties or divided in a solvent and used for their electrical conductivity or other purposes. Ionic compounds are also widely used in textile processing industry to remove stains from fabrics.<br />
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Benefits<br />
<br />
Ionic compounds have several important advantages. They have very high melting and boiling points because their ions are linked together so well. Ionic compounds are very strong and are hard to break. Ionic compounds such as water, alcohol, acetone or other polar solvent dissolved provide high electrical conductivity. They are usually nontoxic, nonflammable, and can be produced from a number of different elements. Moreover, the ratio of cations and anions in an ionic compound can vary, causing different properties to be produced.<br />
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Disadvantages<br />
<br />
Although ionic compounds are beneficial, but also have several disadvantages. For example, ionic solid compounds are very fragile and tend to break when broken. Ionic compounds have low thermal conductivity are usually solid at room temperature.<br />
<br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-43656465882656201382011-08-09T23:07:00.001-07:002011-12-27T16:26:51.898-08:00Examples of Covalent Bond<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><script type='text/javascript'><!--
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If we encounter the world, we have a huge lack of knowledge of the structures around the world in one easy movement unit aggregation is the difference between the atoms. Electromagnetic force to hold atoms together to form molecular compounds that come into an even larger molecules and polymers that are resistant as possible. This complexity reduction is likely that the electromagnetic forces between charged particles. Etching of atoms turns to pity, or to sell the source of electrons to create a network of molecules possible. Bond between the atoms can be covalent or ionic bond. They have two varieties of grass containing alkaline sizing. The purpose of this essay is an essay required of the alkaline-containing covalent attachment of the screen examples of the deposit.<br />
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What is a covalent bond?<br />
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We must first determine what is a covalent bond, before studying a few examples of this link. Because we have studied the theme of the covalent bond, we pretend we already know what an atom and has been reported with the atomic structure. Covalent atoms deposit is formed when you divide the unit, or calibration times between the electrons in the other. These shared electrons come from the span of money between the atoms, which keeps them together and only units that we chose to be a molecule. These shared electrons are the valence electrons of atoms spinning in their shells extreme.<br />
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Each atom, forming a covalent hand money to try to capture the courage, which has extremely filled electron orbitals of the atoms, which are still empty. As two atoms come together and share electrons, deposit, together with the electromagnetic force to conquer that between atomic nuclei and electrons within the municipality. In addition, the force between the combs of the electrons orbiting the two atoms, which causes the proton to get distorted. While the two atomic nuclei are excited about the town of electrons arc, a deposit is connected between the two atoms.<br />
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Depending on the similarities in the nucleus or Electronegativity (tendency to capture electrons from atoms), a single span Similarly, the electrons may or may not be evenly distributed. If they were distributed unevenly, the proton becomes "Polar" in the sense that the imbalance in spending towards the interior. Let's look at some examples of covalent payment in the next section. Understand the difference between covalent and ionic.<br />
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Examples of covalent<br />
<br />
Initial Payment covalent atoms can exist between same or opposite. Here are some types of molecules covalently links including polar, nonpolar and coordinate covalent.<br />
<br />
o Water (H2O): In this hydrogen protons to double share electrons with unique oxygen atoms that share electrons with their own double in return. This is an example of cold covalent bonds, which are combined since electronegativity of oxygen at altitude.<br />
<br />
or hydrogen molecule (H2): This is a non-polar covalent intermediate as a period in the same nucleus is common between the two hydrogen atoms.<br />
<br />
O ammonium chloride (NH4Cl): This is an example of coordinate covalent distribution, where the two electrons necessary for the fixation was assigned by the same atom. This is a special box with a covalent bond.<br />
<br />
o hydrogen chloride (HCl): This is another one for the cold covalent deposit examples where the duration of heart from some closer to the chlorine atom has an electronegativity altitude.<br />
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Here is a list of inventory of refrigerated storage and non-polar covalent examples.<br />
<br />
Examples of polar covalent nonpolar covalent bond Examples<br />
<br />
Hydrofluoric acid (HF), nitrogen (N2)<br />
<br />
Ozone (O3), methane (CH4)<br />
<br />
Ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2)<br />
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Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), chlorine (Cl2)<br />
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They were a little scholastic examples of covalent down payment, to be when we thought at the entrance of the kind that contains alkaline bond. As mentioned earlier, the pity of electrons between atoms, which inaugurates the proton is poorly by their electro negativity special. The few-more unbalanced electro-negativity, sometimes cool, they formed molecules. More on the electro-negativity, some more electrons are shared. Almost all organic molecules composed of CO bonded covalently linked. You will find plenty of examples of covalent deposit in organic chemistry.<br />
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The chemical binds to the investigation of a large-scale operation of the molecules from simple cuts similar to the oxygen molecules of the most formidable-like DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Each of these molecules are held together by covalent bonding between atoms base. We hope this test has simplified the process of covalent deposit for you. Study examples of covalent lowest paid in the retail, to absorb molecular-over settings.<br />
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</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-53718302987024694922011-08-09T18:27:00.001-07:002011-12-27T16:28:00.593-08:00Ion anhydrous barium chloride<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><script type='text/javascript'><!--
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ion anhydrous barium chloride is the chemical compound with the formula BaCl2. He is one of the most important water-soluble salts of barium. Like other barium salts, is toxic and gives a flame yellow-green. It is also hygroscopic.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Anhydrous barium chloride in combination with other water-soluble barium is highly toxic. Sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate are possible antidotes, because they form a solid insoluble BaSO4 Barium sulfate, which is not toxic.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">First, let's look at their peril:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Eye contact may cause conjunctivitis l</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Contact with skin causes irritation of the skin. Prolonged skin, especially if the skin is wet or damp, causing necrosis.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">the case of accidental ingestion, causing kidney damage. Barium ion is a poison that causes muscle stimulation, and paralysis. The initial symptoms are gastrointestinal, including nausea, vomiting, colic and diarrhea, followed by myocardial and general muscular stimulation, tingling in the limbs.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Provided that the above condition occurs, what can we do to protect ourselves? I think the following is possible: Eye contact, you can wash eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. Get medical help as the skin, you should get medical care. Rinse skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing. Wash clothing before re-use, enjoy, then it is not possible to induce vomiting. If the victim is conscious and alert, give 2-4 cups of milk or water. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical help immediately.</span><br />
<br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-21219008762574268592011-08-06T20:27:00.001-07:002011-12-27T16:28:22.129-08:00Organometallic compounds<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><script type='text/javascript'><!--
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Organometallic compounds are highly reactive metals are used in basic and reducing agents. The key to understanding the chemical bond in compounds isoball principle is used. Organometallics plays an important role in other areas such as chemical and biological analysis. Depending on the nature of the organic compound, the nature of the link may vary depending on the type of ionic or covalent. There are also a number of complex linkages that characterize the coordination of the metal and organic binders, organic binders such as must always bind the metal through a heteroatom such as nitrogen and oxygen, and such compounds are then considered as coordination compounds. But if any of the ligands form a direct metal-carbon bonds, and therefore should generally be regarded as organometallic compounds. These compounds may also find practical applications, such as stoichiometric and catalytic active compounds, such as the use of ferrocene in place of tetraethyl lead as an anti knock.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Many organic compounds of coordination that occur in nature, such as hemoglobin that contains only one iron center is coordinated to nitrogen atoms.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">It combines infrared data aspects of inorganic chemistry with organic chemistry, for which these compounds are also known as organo-inorganic compounds. The study of such inorganic compounds known as bioinorganic chemistry. If the fat-soluble alkoxides, and metal is defined as metalorganics. The second is based on organometallic compounds of titanium called Ziegler-Natta catalyst for producing polyethylene and other polymers. In addition, Wacker process for oxidation of olefins. So organic compounds that are linked to sodium ion is, while glued to the lead or tin, and are usually associated with lithium may be covalent bonds between the properties. Monsanto, the rhodium-carbonyl complex process used to produce acetic acid industrially. Includes all conventional metals, lanthanides, actinides, and semi-metals are considered to form organometallic compounds. These compounds may vary depending on the nature of the anionic portion, and can not generally be regarded as organometallic. Superbases work in organic synthesis, but reduce the flammability of their use by the industry seriously. NMR and infrared spectroscopy techniques are commonly used to determine the structure and bonding.</span><br />
<br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-46756351902423646772011-08-05T17:55:00.000-07:002011-12-27T16:28:44.915-08:00Classification of Crystals<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><script type='text/javascript'><!--
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The crystals are classified into four types:<br />
<br />
(I) atomic crystals<br />
<br />
(Ii) ionic crystals<br />
<br />
(Iii) covalent crystals<br />
<br />
(Iv) molecular crystals<br />
<br />
This classification is based on the nature of forces and bonds between atoms, ions or molecules constituting the crystal.<br />
<br />
(I) atomic crystals<br />
<br />
Examples of these crystals are metals, so they are also called metal crystals. They are made of atoms packed and held together by metallic bonds. In metals, the valence electrons move freely in the crystal lattice and said that from an electron gas, where the positive ions are immersed. These crystals are characterized by: (a) Lustre (b) the high melting point (c) the electrical and thermal conductivity (d) ductility (drawing paper) (e) ductility (from to son).<br />
<br />
(Ii) ionic crystals<br />
<br />
These crystals consist of positively and negatively charged ions, held together by electrostatic forces of attraction. Individual ions<br />
<br />
has no identity. They are characterized by: (a) The high melting point (b) of the conduction of electricity in the molten state and in solution. (C), accuracy and hardness (d) crystal growth without restriction until it is broken or has stopped growing.<br />
<br />
(Iii) covalent crystals<br />
<br />
These crystals are composed of atoms linked by covalent bonds. Covalent bonds are very strong. They need large amounts of energy to break them. Examples of covalent crystals are: graphite, diamond, silica and carborundum. In diamond, each carbon atom is connected to four other carbon atoms at an angle of 109 degrees, called the tetrahedral angle. Because of the close packing of atoms and the large number of covalent bonds, the diamond is very hard and has a high melting point.<br />
<br />
In graphite, each carbon atom is connected to three carbon atoms at an angle of 120 degrees, forming layers of hexagons. Areheld adjacent layers together by weak Vander Waals forces. Due to the space between layers of flexible graphite layers slide easily over each other to<br />
<br />
Graphite is a greasy texture. Graphite conducts electricity by air layers, because each carbon is one of the free electron. Covalent crystals are characterized by:<br />
<br />
(A), high melting point (b) LD (c) the high refractive index<br />
<br />
(Iv) in molecular crystals<br />
<br />
These crystals are composed of molecules, such as ice, I <sub>2,</sub> CO <sub>2</sub> molecules are held together by forces following:<br />
<br />
Hydrogen bonding (a) (which is a force of electrostatic attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom of a molecule and an electronegative atom other molecules).<br />
<br />
(B) A weak Vander Waal forces (due to the attraction between the atomic nuclei and electrons from one molecule to other molecules). Such<br />
<br />
crystals are characterized by:<br />
<br />
(A) The low melting point (b) no - the conduction of heat and electricity.<br />
<br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-88861187850594316492011-08-04T20:20:00.000-07:002011-12-27T16:29:14.431-08:00chemistry key terms, terminology<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
Key Concepts<br />
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Chapter 1<br />
<br />
1. Alchemy - a pseudo-science that has sought to transform base metals such as lead, gold, medieval science, which aimed to find a universal cure for the disease, and the magic potion of immortality<br />
<br />
Second Biochemistry - the study of chemicals extracted from plants and animals<br />
<br />
3. Chemical science, which studies the composition and properties of matter<br />
<br />
4th Experiences - a scientific approach to data collection and record observations in a controlled<br />
<br />
5th Hypothesis - A tentative proposal for a scientific principle that attempts to explain the importance of a data set collected in an experiment<br />
<br />
6th Inorganic Chemistry - the study of chemicals that do not contain carbon<br />
<br />
7. Natural law - a proposal widely tested in a scientific principle that states a measurable relationship under different experimental conditions<br />
<br />
8th Organic Chemistry - the study of chemicals that contain carbon<br />
<br />
9. The scientific method - the method approach to explore the natural and logical explanations for the results<br />
<br />
10th Theory - a proposal widely tested in a scientific principle that explains the behavior in the wild<br />
<br />
Chapter 2<br />
<br />
First centimeters or meters - a common metric unit of length<br />
<br />
2. gram or a kilogram - a common metric units of mass<br />
<br />
3. milliliters or liters - A unit of measurement of volume<br />
<br />
4. mass - the amount of the target, was measured in the balance<br />
<br />
5. Weight - The force of gravitational attraction between an object and the planet is measured.<br />
<br />
Sixth significant digits - the digits of a measurement known with certainty, plus a number that is estimated.<br />
<br />
7. scientific notation - a method to express very large or small by placing the comma after the first significant digit, and adjusting the size with a power of 10.<br />
<br />
8th percentage - The ratio (times 100) of a single volume with respect to all volumes in a group and parts per hundred.<br />
<br />
9. instrument - a recording of a measure such as length, mass or volume<br />
<br />
10. measure - a numeric value and unit expressing a physical quantity such as length, mass or volume<br />
<br />
11. nonsignificant digits - the numbers to an extent that exceeds the accuracy of the instrument<br />
<br />
12. uncertainty - the degree of inaccuracy in measurement instruments<br />
<br />
13. Method unit of analysis - a systematic procedure to solve the problems that some procereds response units conversion value reated<br />
<br />
14. factor unit - a ration of two quantities that are equivalent and can be applied to convert from one unit to another, for example, an inch foot/12<br />
<br />
Chapter 3<br />
<br />
1. calories - the amount of heat required to Reais 1 gram of water 1 ° C<br />
<br />
2. Celsius (° C) - the basic unit of temperature in the metric system<br />
<br />
3. Density - the amount of mass in a unit volume<br />
<br />
4. Degrees Fahrenheit (OF) - The basic unit of the temperature of the English system<br />
<br />
5. Heat - A measure of the total energy in a system<br />
<br />
6th International System (SI) - a comprehensive system of measurement for the seven basic units<br />
<br />
7. Joule - a unit of energy is the SI system<br />
<br />
8th unit Kelvin (K) - - the basic unit of temperature in the SI<br />
<br />
9. metric - a decimal system of measurement with the basic units<br />
<br />
10. seconds - - the basic unit of time in the metric system<br />
<br />
11. specific gravity (sp gr) - the relationship between the density of a liquid compared to the density of water at 4 ° C<br />
<br />
12. specific heat - the heat required to raise 1 g of substance 1 º C<br />
<br />
13. Temperature - A measure of the average energy in a system, the average kinetic energy of molecules in motion<br />
<br />
14. volume on the go - a technique for determining the volume of water displaced<br />
<br />
15. absolute zero - the theoretical temperature at which the kinetic energy of a gas is equal to zero.<br />
<br />
<br />
Chapter 4<br />
<br />
1. League - a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals<br />
<br />
2. Atomic number - a number that identifies a certain part of<br />
<br />
3. chemical changes - changes in materials, which change the chemical composition of<br />
<br />
4. chemical symbol - an abbreviation of the name of an element<br />
<br />
5. compound - a substance that can be decomposed into simpler substances<br />
<br />
6. deposit - a change of state of a gas derict a solid<br />
<br />
7th ductile - belongs to a metal, which can be drawn into a wire<br />
<br />
8th element - a substance that can not be decomposed by chemical reaction<br />
<br />
Ninth law of conservation of energy - the law states that energy can not be created or destroyed<br />
<br />
10th Law of conservation of mass and energy - the law is called the total mass and energy are constantly<br />
<br />
11. malleable - the property of a metal that can be machined in one piece<br />
<br />
12. Periodic Table - a table that organizes the elements according to their properties<br />
<br />
13. physical changes - a feature that can not be obse4rved change the formula of the substance<br />
<br />
14. The potential energy (PE) - energy stored in the field due to hold its position or composition of the<br />
<br />
15. pure substance - issues with a clear composition and properties of Constance, for example, and the element or compound<br />
<br />
16th fitness - Designates the status of a substance existing in solid, liquid or gas.<br />
<br />
17th sublimation - direct change of state from a solid to a gas without forming a liquid<br />
<br />
18. molecule - The smallest particle that represents a compound<br />
<br />
19. The kinetic energy - the energy associated with the movement of molecules.<br />
<br />
20. homogeneous material - the material to the standard configuration, a feature consistent and clear<br />
<br />
21st element - a pure substance that can not be divided again by ordinary chemical reaction<br />
<br />
22. compound - a pure substance that can be decomposed into two or more simpler substances by chemical reaction<br />
<br />
23. heterogeneous mixture - Material that has a variable composition and properties of materials indeterminate consists of two or more substances which may be separated physically.<br />
<br />
24. homogeneous mixture - issues associated with a variable composition, but a characteristic clear and consistent, are examples of natural gas, gasoline, and bronze.<br />
<br />
25th atom - The smallest particle that represents an element<br />
<br />
26th chemical formula - a symbolic representation of a complex indicates the number of atoms of each element<br />
<br />
27. metal - an element that is usually shiny in appearance, has a high density and high melting point, and is a good conductor of heat and electricity<br />
<br />
28. Non-metallic - an element that is usually boring in appearance, has a low density and low melting point, and is not a good conductor of heat and electricity<br />
<br />
29. semimetal or metalloid - An element that is usually metal, as in the appearance and properties that are between a metal and nonmetallic.<br />
<br />
30th law of constant composition or final - the principle that a compound that still contains the same elements in the same proportion by mass<br />
<br />
31. Physical feature - a feature that can be detected without changing the chemical formula of the substance.<br />
<br />
Chapter 5<br />
<br />
1. atomic mass unit - a unit of mass equal to exactly 1.12 the mass of an atom of C-12<br />
<br />
2. atomic notation - a symbolic method to express the composition of an atomic nucleus<br />
<br />
3. electronic assembly - fast arrangement of electrons in the description of the authors' of the sublevels of the growing energy needs<br />
<br />
4. spectrum of emission lines - a collection of narrow bands of light produced by the atoms of a particular element, releasing energy<br />
<br />
5. sublevel energy - energy of electrons division level because of my energy level<br />
<br />
Sixth orbital - a region around the nucleus, where it is very likely to find and electrons with a given energy<br />
<br />
7. photon - a partical of radiant energy<br />
<br />
8th quantum atom - a sophisticated model of the atom that describes the energy of an electron according to its probability of being found in a particular location around the nucleus<br />
<br />
9. uncertainty principle - a statement that it is impossible to accurately measure the location and energy of a particle at the same time<br />
<br />
10th Electron - A subatomic particle that has a negligible mass and charge of a relative minus<br />
<br />
11. protons - subatomic particle with a mass of about 1 AMU and the equivalent for more than one<br />
<br />
12. Neutron - a neutral particle in an atom, whose mass is about 1 amu<br />
<br />
13. atomic nucleus - a region of high density in the center of the atom<br />
<br />
14. Atomic number - number of the feature that indicates the number of protons in the heart of one of its atoms<br />
<br />
15th lot of numbers - A number representing the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom<br />
<br />
16. isotopes - atoms that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers. Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus.<br />
<br />
17. Atomic mass - mass weighted average of the natural isotopes of the element.<br />
<br />
18. Bohr atom - the atomic model of the images of the electron around the nucleus of specific orbital energy.<br />
<br />
Chapter 6<br />
<br />
1.<br />
<br />
2. alkali metals - Group IA elements / 1, hydrogen is not<br />
<br />
3. alkaline earth metals - Group II / 2 elements<br />
<br />
4. Halogen - The Group of elements VIIA/17<br />
<br />
5. noble gases - Group elements VIIIA/18<br />
<br />
6. Group - A vertical column of the periodic table, a family of elements with similar properties.<br />
<br />
7. period - a horizontal line on the periodic table, a series of elements with properties ranging from non-metallic metal.<br />
<br />
8. Representative Elements - Group A elements (1,2,13-18) in the periodic table, also called main group elements.<br />
<br />
9. transition elements - Group B (3-12) of the periodic table of elements.<br />
<br />
10. Valence electrons - electrons that take the outermost atomic and sub sp, which are involved in chemical reactions<br />
<br />
11. electrons points formula - a representation of an atom and its valence electrons, which shows the chemical symbol surrounded by a dot for each valence electron.<br />
<br />
12th Ion - An atom that carries a charge due to gain or lose valence electrons<br />
<br />
13. ionization energy - the amount of energy needed to remove the electron-neutral atom in a gaseous state<br />
<br />
14. isoelectronic - refers to two or more of the ions with the same electronic configuration, for example, O2 and Mg 2 + each have 10 electrons, and their electron configurations are the same as the noble gas neon.<br />
<br />
15th inner transition elements - the elements of the lanthanide series and actinide<br />
<br />
16. lanthanide series - elements with atomic number 58-71<br />
<br />
17. series actinides - elements with atomic number 90-103<br />
<br />
Chapter 7<br />
<br />
1. organic compound - any compound containing the element carbon.<br />
<br />
2. inorganic compound - a compound does not contain the element carbon.<br />
<br />
3. tion - a positively charged ion.<br />
<br />
4. anion - a negatively charged ion.<br />
<br />
5. formula units - the smallest particle of representative ionic compound.<br />
<br />
6th aqueous solution - a substance dissolved in water<br />
<br />
7. Binary acid - a slurry containing hydrogen and a nonmetal<br />
<br />
8. ionic binary compound - a compound containing two nonmetals<br />
<br />
9th IUPAC - the international system of rules for naming chemical compounds<br />
<br />
10th Latin system - a system that means the tax on a cation with the suffix-ic or-UO<br />
<br />
11. molecule - the only particle that represents a composite of non-metal atoms<br />
<br />
12. monatomic ion - an atom that has a positive or negative charge<br />
<br />
13. oxyanion - polyatomic anion that contains one or more elements combined with oxygen<br />
<br />
14. polyatomic ion - a group of atoms bonded together with a positive or negative global charge<br />
<br />
15th System images - a system that means the tax on a cation with Roman numerals<br />
<br />
16. ionic ternary compound - a compound that contains three elements, including at least one metal<br />
<br />
17. ternary oxyacid - combined with water, which contains hydrogen, nonmetal, and oxygen<br />
<br />
Chapter 8<br />
<br />
1. acid - hydrogen-containing compound that releases ions (H +) when dissolved in water.<br />
<br />
Second base - A substance that releases hydroxide containing hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.<br />
<br />
3. an aqueous solution - a substance dissolved in water<br />
<br />
4th chemical reaction - the process of undergoing a chemical change.<br />
<br />
5. chemical equation - shorthand representation of formulas and symbols to describe the chemical changes.<br />
<br />
6th reactive - A substance that undergoes chemical transformation.<br />
<br />
7th product - a substance caused by a chemical change.<br />
<br />
8. Catalyst - A substance that speeds up a reaction, but can be recovered without being changed forever.<br />
<br />
9. exothermic reaction - a reaction that develops thermal energy.<br />
<br />
10th endothermic reaction - a reaction that absorbs heat energy.<br />
<br />
11. series of activities - a relative order of elements arranged by their ability to undergo reactions, also called electromotive series.<br />
<br />
12. precipitate - an insoluble substance in the solution produced by a reaction.<br />
<br />
13. combination of reaction - a reaction, in which the two substances produce a single compound.<br />
<br />
14. decomposition reaction - a reaction in which two or more substances are produced from a single compound.<br />
<br />
15th single replacement reaction - a reaction where a more active element displaces a less active for a solution or compound.<br />
<br />
16. double displacement reaction - a reaction in which two different cations in ion exchange.<br />
<br />
17. neutralization reaction - reaction of an acid and a base produces water and salt.<br />
<br />
18th Salt - An ionic substance produced by an acid-base reaction, an ionic compound that does not contain hydroxide ions.<br />
<br />
19. redox reaction - A chemical reaction in which electron transfer takes place.<br />
<br />
20. coefficient - a figure in front of a chemical reaction that helps to balance a chemical equation<br />
<br />
21. Index - a number in a chemical formula that represents the number of atoms or ions that appear on the substance<br />
<br />
22. diatomic molecule - a particle composed of two nonmetal atoms<br />
<br />
Chapter 9<br />
<br />
1. Avogadro's Number (N) - the number of atoms, molecules or formula units, which form one mole of a substance, 6.02 x 1023 individual units.<br />
<br />
2nd Mole - The amount of substance containing the same number of units as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12.<br />
<br />
Third molar mass - mass of a mole pure substance in grams, the mass of Avogadro's number of atoms, molecules or formula units.<br />
<br />
4. empirical formula - The chemical formula of a compound that expresses the relationship simplest of atoms in a molecule or ion in a formula unit.<br />
<br />
5th Molecular Formula - The chemical formula of a compound that expresses the actual number of atoms in a molecule.<br />
<br />
6. molar volume - the volume of one mole of gas at standard temperature and pressure.<br />
<br />
7. standard temperature and pressure or STP - A temperature of 0 ° C and atmospheric pressure arbitrarily chosen standard conditions<br />
<br />
8. Avogadro's law - equal volumes of gas under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules.<br />
<br />
9. gas density - the ratio of the mass per unit volume ofr a gas, in grams per liter<br />
<br />
10th percentage composition - a list of the percentage mass of each element in a compound<br />
<br />
Chapter 11<br />
<br />
1. atmospheric pressure - The pressure exerted by gas molecules in the air at sea level this pressure is compatible with a column of 760 mm of mercury.<br />
<br />
2. Barometric pressure - the pressure can be measured in the atmosphere.<br />
<br />
3rd Torr - A unit of pressure equal to 1 mm Hg<br />
<br />
4th vapor pressure - The pressure exerted by the molecules in gaseous form in dynamic equilibrium with the same type of molecules in a liquid state, for example, the water molecules of liquid water.<br />
<br />
5. Boiling point - temperature at which the vapor pressure of the fluid is the same pressure.<br />
<br />
6. Dalton is the partial pressure - pressure in the gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas mixture.<br />
<br />
7. partial pressure - The pressure exerted by a gas in a mixture of two or more gases.<br />
<br />
8. vacuum - the volume, which contains none of the gas molecules.<br />
<br />
9. Boyle's law - air temperature, pressure and volume of the gas are inversely proportional.<br />
<br />
10. Avogadro's law - equal volumes of gas under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules.<br />
<br />
11. standard temperature and pressure or STP - A temperature of 0 ° C and atmospheric pressure arbitrarily chosen standard conditions<br />
<br />
12. Charles Law '- a constant temperature pressure, volume and Kelvin gas directly proportional.<br />
<br />
13. ideal gas - a hypothetical gas that obeys the kinetic theory of perfect.<br />
<br />
14. absolute zero - a temperature where the kinetic theory of gases is equal to zero.<br />
<br />
15th ideal gas law - relationship PV = nRT for an ideal gas.<br />
<br />
16. Combined Law - an indication that the pressure and the Kelvin temperature are directly proportional to the gas at constant pressure<br />
<br />
17th Dalton law of partial pressure - a declaration that the pressure from a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressure of each gas<br />
<br />
18. gas pressure - the pressure exerted by the molecules in the air<br />
<br />
19. real gas - a real gas deviates from ideal behavior, which, under certain conditions<br />
<br />
20. ideal gas constant - A constant principle of proportionality, the equation PV = nRT<br />
<br />
Chapter 12<br />
<br />
1. monatomic ion - a single atom, which is a positive or negative charge<br />
<br />
2nd diatomic molecule - a particle that consists of two non-metal atoms<br />
<br />
3. Valence electrons - electrons in atoms outer shell of energy that are available for bonding.<br />
<br />
4th ionic bond - A chemical bond characterized by the attraction of a cation and an anion.<br />
<br />
5. Covalent bond - a chemical bond characterized by sharing one or more pairs of valence electrons.<br />
<br />
6. formula unit - the smallest body representative of a compound are held together by ionic bonds.<br />
<br />
7th molecule - The smallest unit representing a compound held together by covalent bonds.<br />
<br />
8th bonding electrons - the valence electrons in a molecule that is shared.<br />
<br />
Nonbonding electrons 9th - the valence electrons in a molecule that is not shared.<br />
<br />
10th Electron points formula - (.) A diagram of a molecule or polyatomic ion, where each atom is represented by its chemical symbol for each surrounded by a bonding or nonbonding electron, also called a Lewis structure.<br />
<br />
11th structural formula - A diagram of a molecule of polyatomic ions, where each atom is represented by its chemical symbol associated with one row for each pair of bonding electrons.<br />
<br />
12th Single Bond - A link consists of an electron appears as a unique link between them.<br />
<br />
13. double bond - A bond consisting of two pairs of electrons showed that the two dashes between two atoms.<br />
<br />
14th Triple Bond - A bond that consists of three pairs of electrons are represented by three lines between two atoms.<br />
<br />
15. Electronegativity - the ability to split an atom to attract electrons in a pair of chemical bonding.<br />
<br />
16th nonpolar covalent bond - A bond in which one or more pairs of electrons are shared equally.<br />
<br />
17th Polar covalent bond - A bond in which one or more pairs of electrons are shared unequally.<br />
<br />
18. Binding energy - the amount of energy needed to break the covalent bond two atoms<br />
<br />
19. Bond length - distance from the nuclei of two atoms joined the covalent bond<br />
<br />
20th chemical bond - the generic title of the attraction between two ions, or two atoms<br />
<br />
21. molecular form - the geometric shape formed by atoms to the central atom in a molecule<br />
<br />
22. Electron pair geometry - the geometric shape formed by the union and non-bonding electron pairs on the central atom of a molecule<br />
<br />
23. VSEPR Theory - a model that explains the shapes of molecules as a result of the pairs of electrons on the central atom repel each other<br />
<br />
24th octet rule - the claim that an atom tends to bind to acquire eight valence electrons<br />
<br />
25. Delta notation - a method to indicate a partial negative charge and positive part in a chemical bond<br />
<br />
26. polyatomic ions - a group of atoms bound together, and in general positive or negative charge<br />
<br />
Chapter 13<br />
<br />
1. vapor pressure - the pressure of gas molecules in a dynamic equilibrium of the same type of molecules in the liquid state, for example, water molecules in liquid water.<br />
<br />
2. Viscosity - resistance of the fluid flow as a result of molecular attraction.<br />
<br />
3. surface pressure - molecular attraction, which causes the liquid has a minimum area.<br />
<br />
4. dispersion of forces - attraction of molecules based on the temporary dipoles of the molecules, also called London forces.<br />
<br />
Fifth hydrogen bond - a bond that intermolecular between hydrogen and oxygen in both molecules have a polar group-OH.<br />
<br />
6. heat of fusion - The heat required to convert a solid to a liquid at its melting point.<br />
<br />
7. heat of vaporization - The heat required to convert a liquid into a gas at its boiling point.<br />
<br />
8th hydrate - A substance that contains a number of water molecules per unit formula of a crystalline substance.<br />
<br />
9. Anhydrous - means a compound that contains no water.<br />
<br />
10. hard water - water that contains a variety of anions and cations such as Ca2 +, Mg2 +, Fe3 +, CO32-, SO42-, PO43.<br />
<br />
11. Boiling point - temperature at which the vapor pressure of the fluid is the same pressure<br />
<br />
12. demineralized water - water purified by the removal of ions by an ion exchange method, also called demineralized water<br />
<br />
13th dipole force - an intermolecular attraction based on the permanent dipoles<br />
<br />
14th electrolysis - the chemical reaction produced by an electric current through an aqueous solution<br />
<br />
15. heavy water - water molecule, with hydrogen atoms has been replaced by a hydrogen atom with a neutron<br />
<br />
16. metal oxide - a compound that reacts with water to form a solution, also called oxide-based<br />
<br />
17. net dipole - the general direction of a partial negative charge is a molecule with two or more dipoles<br />
<br />
18. non-metallic oxide - a compound that reacts with water to form an acid solution, also known as acid oxide<br />
<br />
19. freshwater - water contains sodium ions and anions other than<br />
<br />
Chapter 14<br />
<br />
1. net dipole - the general direction of a partial negative charge is a molecule with two or more dipoles<br />
<br />
Second solution - a component that is dissolved in a solvent to form a solution.<br />
<br />
3. solvent - in the solution, part of the largest concentrations occur, usually in a liquid in which the solute dissolves.<br />
<br />
Fourth solution - a homogeneous mixture at the atomic scale, molecular and / or ion consisting of a solute (or solutes) dissolved in a solvent.<br />
<br />
5. Henry's Law - the principle that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of gas above the liquid.<br />
<br />
6. miscible - refers to two liquids that are soluble in one another.<br />
<br />
7. immiscible - refers to two liquids that are insoluble in the other, and if mixed, separated into two layers.<br />
<br />
8. a saturated solution - A solution in which the dissolved and undissolved solute are in dynamic equilibrium. A solution containing solute as much as possible to a specific temperature.<br />
<br />
9. supersaturated solution - a solution unstable, which contains more than the solvent-impregnated at the same temperature.<br />
<br />
10th dipole - a region of a polar molecule with a partial negative charge and partially positive<br />
<br />
11th that dissolves as a rule - the principle that the solubility is greater when the polarity of the solute is similar to that of the solvent<br />
<br />
12th non-polar solvents - a solvent which is composed of nonpolar molecules<br />
<br />
13. polar solvent - a liquid compound polar solvent molecules<br />
<br />
14. Solubility - the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature<br />
<br />
15. solvent cage - a group of solvent molecules around a solute particle in a solution<br />
<br />
16. Unsaturated solution - a solution that contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a given temperature<br />
<br />
Chapter 15<br />
<br />
1. acid-base indicator - a chemical that changes color depending on the pH of the solution.<br />
<br />
2. Arrhenius acid - a substance that provides hydrogen ions dissolved in water.<br />
<br />
Arrhenius third base - A substance that allows hydroxide ions when dissolved in water.<br />
<br />
4. hydronium ion H3O + or - ion that best represents the hydrogen ion in aqueous solution.<br />
<br />
5. dissociation - an ionic compound dissolves in water and separated into positive and negative ions, for example, NaOH is dissolved in water, so that sodium ions and hydroxide ions.<br />
<br />
6. amphiprotic - a substance that can accept or donate a proton in an acid-base<br />
<br />
7. The Brønsted-Lowry acid - a substance that gives a proton in an acid-base<br />
<br />
8th Bronsted-Lowry Base - a substance that accepts a proton in an acid-base reaction<br />
<br />
9. buffer - a solution that resists changes in pH when acid or base is added<br />
<br />
10th test - the scene in a titration when the indicator changes color<br />
<br />
11th ionization constant of water (KW) - a constant that is equal to the molar hydrogen ion concentration and the molar concentration of hydroxide ions<br />
<br />
12. Net ionic equation - the equation representing the chemical reaction in the viewer after the ion-ion have been deleted<br />
<br />
13. pH - hydrogen ion concentration expressed on a scale molecular exponential<br />
<br />
14th proton acceptor - a term used interchangeably with the acceptor of hydrogen ions<br />
<br />
15th proton donor - a term used interchangeably with the donor hydrogen-ion<br />
<br />
16. salt - a product derived from the neutralization reaction, in addition to water<br />
<br />
17th spectator ions - ions that are dissolved in water, but does not appear in the net ionic equations<br />
<br />
18th standard solution - a solution whose concentration was determined accurately<br />
<br />
19th strong electrolyte - an aqueous solution, it is a good conductor of electricity<br />
<br />
20. weak electrolytes - aqueous solution, which is a poor conductor of electricity<br />
<br />
21st assay - a procedure to deliver a measured amount of solution through a burette<br />
<br />
22nd Total ionic equation - an equation that represents the chemical substances highly ionized ionic form and slightly ionized substances in ionic form,<br />
<br />
Chapter 16<br />
<br />
1. reversible reaction - a reaction that moves forward and to the products as well as in the opposite direction towards the reaction.<br />
<br />
Second balance - a dynamic state of a reversible reaction, where the rate of reaction front and rear are equal.<br />
<br />
Third solid electrolytes - An aqueous solution containing a substance that implements strong electric current, for example, strong acids, strong alkalis, soluble salts.<br />
<br />
4th weak electrolyte - An aqueous solution containing a substance that causes an electric current easily, for example, weak acids, weak alkalis, easily soluble salts.<br />
<br />
5. exothermic reaction - a reaction that evolves heat energy.<br />
<br />
6. endothermic reaction - a reaction that absorbs heat energy.<br />
<br />
7th Catalyst - a substance that gives a reaction go faster by lowering the activation energy.<br />
<br />
8. Heat of reaction - the energy difference between reactants and products<br />
<br />
9. reaction rate - the rate at which the concentrations decrease in response per unit of time<br />
<br />
Chapter 17<br />
<br />
First Oxidation - A chemical change in which a substance loses electrons or an increase in oxidation number occurs.<br />
<br />
Second oxidation number - a value assigned to an atom in a molecule or ion to keep track of electrons gained or lost value can be positive or negative and is zero in the free form.<br />
<br />
3. Reduction - A chemical change in which electrons substances increase or a decrease in oxidation number.<br />
<br />
4th oxidant - essentially reduced to a redox reaction.<br />
<br />
5. reducing agent - the substance is oxidized in a redox reaction.<br />
<br />
6. electrochemical cell - a generic term for devices that contain two different solutions in different sectors of the electrodes connected to run the wire.<br />
<br />
7. Anode - The electrode in an electrochemical cell where oxidation occurs.<br />
<br />
8. cathode - electrode electrochemical cell, where the reduction takes place.<br />
<br />
9. photovoltaic cells or batteries - A general term for any electrochemical cell which produces electricity spontaneously.<br />
<br />
10th redox reaction - a chemical reaction in which electron transfer takes place<br />
<br />
11. electrochemistry - the study of the interconversion of chemical and electrical energy<br />
<br />
12th electrolysis - it supplies electricity to a redox process nonspontaneous to provoke a reaction<br />
<br />
Chapter 18<br />
<br />
1. activity - the number of radioactive nuclei during the break in tha sample pieces to give time, for example, 500 dpm<br />
<br />
2. alpha particles - nuclear radiation identical to helium-4 nuclear<br />
<br />
Third atomic number (Z)-value indicating the number of protons in a nucleus<br />
<br />
4. Beta particles - radioactive radiation, identical to that of the electron<br />
<br />
5. chain reaction - nuclear fission reaction in which neutrons released to initiate a second reaction, which in turn, starts the third reaction, and so on<br />
<br />
6. a critical mass - the minimum mass of fissile nuclide necessary to maintain a reaction chiain<br />
<br />
7. Deuterium - hydrogen nuclide is a neutron<br />
<br />
8. electron capture (EC) - a nuclear reaction in which a large nuclide is based on its inner core electrons in the nucleus<br />
<br />
9th gamma rays - a nuclear radiation, similar to the light of high energy<br />
<br />
10. The half-life - the amount of time required for 50% of the radioactive nuclei in a sample of corruption<br />
<br />
11. mass number - the value indicating the number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus<br />
<br />
12. the nuclear equation - with shorthand representation of the atomic notation to describe the nuclear reaction<br />
<br />
13th Nuclear fission - a nuclear reaction in which a nucleus divides into two or more lighter nuclei<br />
<br />
14. nuclear fusion - the nuclear reaction in which two light nuclei combine into a single core<br />
<br />
15. nuclear reaction - a change that involves high-energy core<br />
<br />
16. nuclide - the atom, which has a number of protons and neutrons<br />
<br />
17. positrons - Identical to nuclear radiation byt the same opposite to the electron<br />
<br />
18. Radiation - emission of particles or nuclear energy in an unstable<br />
<br />
19th Transmutation - the conversion of one element to another by a nuclear reaction<br />
<br />
20. tritium - the nuclide of hydrogen with two neutrons<br />
<br />
Chapter 19<br />
<br />
First hydrocarbon - an organic compound containing hydrogen and carbon.<br />
<br />
Second alkane or saturated hydrocarbons - a hydrocarbon that contains only a single bond.<br />
<br />
3rd unsaturated hydrocarbon - a hydrocarbon containing a double or triple bond.<br />
<br />
4th aromatic hydrocarbons - a hydrocarbon containing a benzene ring.<br />
<br />
Fifth structural formula - a chemical formula that shows the actual arrangement of atoms in a molecule.<br />
<br />
6. Structural isomers - compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.<br />
<br />
7. combustion reaction - a chemical reaction with the hydrocarbon burns and is oxidized into carbon dioxide and water.<br />
<br />
8th Polymer - A high molecular compound is composed of small repeating chemical units.<br />
<br />
9. monomer - The chemical repeating unit in a compound of high molecular weight.<br />
<br />
10th Polyester - A type of polymer formed by the reaction of a dicarboxylic acid and a dihydric alcohol.<br />
<br />
11th polyamide - A type of polymer formed by the reaction of a dicarboxylic acid and diamine.<br />
<br />
12th alkenes - a family of compounds consisting of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a double bond<br />
<br />
13th alkynes - a family of compounds consisting of unsaturated hydrocarbons having a triple bond<br />
<br />
14th functional group - a family of drugs, where all members have the same structural characteristics<br />
<br />
Chapter 20<br />
<br />
1. Biochemistry - The study of biological compounds and their reactions.<br />
<br />
2. polypeptide - a polymer of amino acids combined with organic amide.<br />
<br />
3. amino acids - a biological compound contains both amino and carboxylic acid.<br />
<br />
4. Peptide bond - amide link, which connects two amino acids.<br />
<br />
Fifth enzyme - a biological compound that catalyzes a specific biochemical reaction.<br />
<br />
6. carbohydrates - a biological compound, which is a polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone.<br />
<br />
7. monosaccharide - simple sugars such as glucose or fructose.<br />
<br />
8th Lipid - A biological agent which is insoluble in water, such as a grease or oil.<br />
<br />
9th fatty acids - a carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon chain.<br />
<br />
10. fat - a lipid that consists mainly of saturated fats and fatty acids esterified to glycerol.<br />
<br />
11th Oil - A lipid consisting mainly of unsaturated fatty acids esterified to glycerol.<br />
<br />
12. nucleic acid - a polymer containing biological genetic information.<br />
<br />
13. protein - a biological compound which is a polymer of amino acids<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-79151354121847120162011-08-03T19:13:00.000-07:002011-12-27T16:29:47.246-08:00Ionic bonding Vs. metallic bonding<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><script type='text/javascript'><!--
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ionic bonding Vs. metallic bonding</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As proposed by the American Chemical GNLewis, atoms are stable when they contain eight electrons in its valence shell. Most atoms have fewer than eight valence electrons in its shell (with the exception of noble gases in Group 18 of the periodic table), therefore are not stable. These atoms tend to react with each other to become stable. Thus, each atom can achieve a noble gas electron configuration. This can be done by forming ionic bonds, covalent or metallic.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ionic bond</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Atoms can gain or lose electrons and become positively or negatively charged particles, respectively. These particles are called ions. There are electrostatic interactions between ions. Ionic bond is the force of attraction between oppositely charged ions. The strength of the electrostatic interaction is largely influenced by the electronegativity of atoms in an ionic bond. Electronegativity is a measure of the affinity of the atoms of electrons. An atom with high electronegativity can attract the electrons of an atom with low electronegativity to form an ionic bond. For example, sodium chloride is an ionic bond between ions of sodium and chloride ion. Sodium is a metal, therefore, has a very low electronegativity (0.9) compared with chlorine (3.0). Because of this difference in electronegativity, the chlorine can attract an electron from the sodium form of Cl-and Na +. For this reason, the two atoms for stability, noble gas electron configuration.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Metallic bond</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Metals are the atoms that can form cations by removing electrons. Group 1, Group 2 and transition elements are metals. Most metals are the time in the solid phase. The type of link between the shapes of the metal atoms is called metallic bonding. Metals release electrons in its outer layer, and these electrons are scattered among the metal cations. Therefore, they are known as a sea of delocalized electrons. Electrostatic interactions between electrons and cations are called metallic bond. The number of electrons released in the sea, and the size of the cation determines the strength of the metal union. Size of the cations is inversely proportional to the strength of the union, and the number of electrons released is directly proportional to the strength of metal binding. The electrons can move, so that the metals have the ability to conduct electricity. Due to the metal union metals have an orderly structure.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cl-and Na + are held together by electrostatic attractive forces, forming an ionic bond.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">High melting points and boiling points of metals are also due to strong metal union. Metals are solid and not fragile, due to the strength of metallic bond.</span><br />
<br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-45084789284263036572011-07-31T19:07:00.000-07:002011-12-27T16:30:24.528-08:00Balancing Charges on Ions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoTitle">Formula of an Ionic Compound</div><div class="MsoSubtitle">Balancing Charges on Ions</div><div class="MsoNormal"><script type='text/javascript'><!--
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Introduction</b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">Atoms of different elements combine with one another to form compounds. The empirical formula of an ionic compound indicates the kinds of atoms that are present in the compound as well as the relative number (ratio) of each kind of atom. Let’s investigate how the formula of an ionic compound can be determined.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h1>Concepts</h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;">•Ionic compounds<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>•Empirical formula</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;">•Polyatomic ions<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>•Precipitation reaction</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h1>Background</h1><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">An ionic compound is composed of ions – atoms or groups of atoms that have a positive or negative charge. Oppositely charged ions arrange themselves into an extended, three-dimensional structure called a crystal lattice. The net attractive forces among oppositely charged ions in the crystal structure are called ionic bonds. Although composed of charged ions, ionic compounds are electrically neutral. The ratio of oppositely charged ions in the crystal structure is such that the positive charge contributed by the cations in equal to or balanced by the negative charge contributed by the anions. There is no net or overall charge on an ionic compound.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;">The <i>empirical formula</i> of an ionic compound indicated the smallest whole number ratio of each type of ion in the crystal structure and is called a formula unit. For example, magnesium chloride has the empirical formula MgCl<sub>2</sub>. Magnesium cations (Mg<sup>2+</sup>) and chloride anions (Cl<sup>-</sup>) combine in a 1:2 ratio to form the MgCl<sub>2</sub> formula unit. The overall charge on ionic compounds is always a zero.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;">Some ions consist of a charged group of covalently bonded atoms. Such ions are called <i>polyatomic ions.</i> An example is the nitrate ion (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>), which contains one nitrogen atom and three oxygen atoms and has an overall charge of –1. In calcium nitrate, calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) ions combine with nitrate ions in a 1:2 ratio in order to balance the positive and negative charges. The empirical formula for calcium nitrate is Ca(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. Parentheses are used around the nitrate ion to show that the subscript “2” pertains to the nitrate ion as a whole.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;">Many ionic compounds can be prepared in the lab using <i>precipitation reactions</i>. When solutions of two ionic compounds are combined, the ions may rearranged to form a new ionic compound that is insoluble in water. An example of this type of reaction is the formation of solid barium sulfate when barium chloride and sodium sulfate are combined in solution (Equation 1a). In Equation 1b, only the ions that form the precipitate are represented. This makes it easier to recognize what happens in the precipitation reaction.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BaCl<sub>2</sub>(aq)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>(aq)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BaSO<sub>4</sub>(s)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2NaCl(aq)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><i>Equation 1a</i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ba<sup>2+</sup>(aq)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>(aq)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BaSO<sub>4</sub>(s)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Equation 1b<o:p></o:p></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;">According to the balanced equation for this reaction, barium ions (Ba<sup>2+</sup>) combine with sulfate ions (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>) in a 1:1 ratio to form barium sulfate (BaSO<sub>4</sub>). This ratio can be observed experimentally in the lab by mixing BaCl<sub>2</sub>(aq) and Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>(aq) solutions containing equal amounts (concentrations) of barium and sulfate ions, respectively. The maximum amount of precipitate will be obtained when equal volumes (a 1:1 ratio) of the two solutions are combined. A similar approach can also be used to determine the formula of an unknown ionic compound.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"><br />
</div><h2>Experiment Overview</h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;">The purpose of this experiment is to determine the empirical formula of an unknown ionic compound. Two solutions containing equal amounts (concentrations) of two reactant ions will be combined in a series of reactions. In each reaction, the totally volume of the two solutions will be held constant while the volume ratio of the reactants is varied. The amount of precipitate obtained in each reaction will be measured and plotted against the volume ratio to find the empirical formula of the product.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"><br />
</div><h1>Pre-Lab Questions</h1><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Many common drugstore chemicals are ionic compounds. Write the correct empirical formula for each of the following compounds.</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="tab-stops: list .75in;"><i><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Common name:</span></i><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Milk of magnesia<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Washing soda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Epsom salt<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: list .75in;"><i><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Chemical name:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Magnesium hydroxide<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sodium carbonate<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Magnesium sulfate<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Solutions of iron(III) chloride and sodium hydroxide were mixed in a series of precipitation reactions, as described in this experiment.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Name the two possible products in this precipitation reaction and predict</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>their empirical formulas.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">(b) Which product is likely to be insoluble in water and precipitate out as a</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>red solid?</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">(c) What volume ration of reactants gave the most precipitate (see Table 1)?</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Explain.</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2"><b><i>Table 1.<o:p></o:p></i></b></div><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; width: 397px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt; width: 130.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="173"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Test tube<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt; width: 24.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt; width: 24.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt; width: 24.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt; width: 24.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt; width: 24.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt; width: 24.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt; width: 24.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">FeCl<sub>3</sub>, 0.1 M, mL<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">15<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">17<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">24<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">NaOH, 0.1 M, mL<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">55<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">48<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">45<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">43<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">36<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Volume of precipitate, mL<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 4.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
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</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in;"><b>Materials<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">Copper(II) chloride solution, CuCl<sub>2</sub>,<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Metric ruler, marked in mm</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="text-indent: 9.0pt;">0.1M, 6ml<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Pipets, Beral-type, 2</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">Sodium phosphate solution, Na<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>,<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Stirring rod or wood splints</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="text-indent: 9.0pt;">0.1M, 6ml<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Test tubes, small, 7</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">Marking pen or wax pencil<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Test tube rack or 24-well</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 4.0in;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reaction plate</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 4.0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in;"><b>Safety Precautions<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: .75in;"><i>Copper(II) chloride and sodium phosphate solutions are skin and eye irritants are slightly toxic by ingestion. Avoid contact of all chemicals with eyes and skin. Wear chemical splash goggles and chemical-resistant gloves and apron. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the lab.</i></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in;"><b>Procedure<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Label seven small test tubes #1-7 with a marking pen and place them in a test tube rack or in a 24 well-reaction plate.</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Cut the stems of two Beral-type pipets at a 45º angle about 5cm from the bulb.</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Fill one pipet with 0.1M copper(II) chloride solution and record the color of the solution in the data table.</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Carefully add the appropriate number of drops of copper(II) chloride solution to each test tube #1-7, as shown in Table 2. <i>Note:</i> Exact volumes are very important – hold the pipet vertically to obtain uniform size drops.</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Fill the second pipet with 0.1M sodium phosphate solution and record the color of the solution in the data table.</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Carefully add the appropriate number of drops of sodium phosphate solution to each test tube, as shown in Table 2.</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: .75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: .75in;"><b><i>Table 2.<o:p></o:p></i></b></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 0.75in; width: 371px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt; width: 110.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="147"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Test Tube<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt; width: 24.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt; width: 24.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt; width: 24.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt; width: 24.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt; width: 24.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt; width: 24.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt; width: 24.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CuCl<sub>2</sub>, 0.1M (mL)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Na<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, 0.1M (mL)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: .75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Use a <i>clean</i> stirring rod or wood splint to stir each reaction mixture in test tubes #1-7. Let the tubes sit undisturbed for 10-15 minutes to allow the precipitates to settle.</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->During this time, determine the volume (drop) ratio of copper(II) chloride and sodium phosphate solutions in each test tube. Write this ration in the data table. <i>Example:</i> In test tube #1, 3 drops of CuCl<sub>2</sub> and 27 drops of Na<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> correspond to a 1:9 ratio of CuCl<sub>2</sub>:Na<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>.</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->After the precipitates have settled, observe the appearance of the products (<i>both the solid and the solution</i>). Record the observation in the data table in the space provided. Be as detailed as possible. </div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Use a metric ruler to measure the height of the precipitate of millimeters in each test tube. Read from the top of the solid material to the bottom center of the test tube. Record each height in mm in the data table.</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Dispose of the contents of the test tubes as directed by your instructor.</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: .75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: .75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: .75in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Formula of an Ionic Compound<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Data Table</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 593px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt; width: 116.0pt;" width="155"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>Color of CuCl2<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td colspan="7" nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt; width: 329.0pt;" width="439"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>Color of Na3PO4 Solution<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 120.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 120.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt; width: 116.0pt;" width="155"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>Appearance of Products<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td colspan="7" nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 120.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td colspan="8" nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Precipitation Reactions</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>Test tube<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">1</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">2</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">3</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">4</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">5</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">6</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">7</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 48.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 48.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt; width: 116.0pt;" width="155"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Volume Ratio *<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Drops of CuCl<sub>2</sub>:Drops Na<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 48.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 48.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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<tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1027"><div class="MsoNormal">X</div></div><!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 48.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 48.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt; width: 116.0pt;" width="155"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Height of Precipitate (mm)</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 48.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;" valign="bottom"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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<tr> <td height="40" style="vertical-align: top;" width="52"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251658752;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</tbody></table><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">*Reduce the volume ratio to the simplest whole-number ratio<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in;"><b>Post-Lab Questions<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->(a) Name the two possible products in the precipitation reaction of copper(II) chloride with sodium phosphate. Use the charges on the ions to predict the empirical formulas of the products.</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">(b) Based on common knowledge, which product is likely to be insoluble in water and to precipitate from solution?</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Complete the following bar graph to show the height of the precipitate in each test tube.</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Which test tube had the greatest amount of precipitate? Does this result agree with the prediction made in Questions #1 concerning the empirical formula of the product? Explain.</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: .75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Write a balanced chemical equation for the precipitation reaction of copper(II) chloride and sodium phosphate. Include abbreviations for the physical state of each reactant and product, using (aq) for aqueous solution, (s) for solid, (l) for liquid), and (g) for gas.</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->(a) Which test tubes showed evidence of unreacted Cu<sup>2+</sup> ions in the supernatant when the reaction was complete? Explain why unreacted Cu<sup>2+</sup> ions were present in these tubes based on the volume ratio of the solutions used.</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">(b) How could you tell that all of the Cu<sup>2+</sup> ions had reacted in a particular test tube? Which test tubes showed such evidence? Explain, based on the volume ratio of solutions used.</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->What was the totally number of drops of solution in each test tube? Why was it necessary to keep the totally volume of reactant constant in each test tube?</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: .75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->(<i>Optional</i>) Does the <i>height</i> of precipitate in each test tube accurately reflect the <i>amount</i> of precipitate in each case? <i>Hint:</i> Compare the shape of a test tube to that of a graduated cylinder. What effect does this error have on the conclusions reached in this experiment?</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-28250765121400448282011-07-30T03:39:00.000-07:002011-12-27T16:31:01.129-08:00Naming Ioning Compounds<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><script type='text/javascript'><!--
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold', sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">Nomenclature of Compounds<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Naming Ionic Compounds</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">An <u>ion</u> is a single atom or a group of atoms with a net charge. A positively charged ion is called a <u>cation</u>. A negatively charged ion is called an <u>anion</u>. An ion occurs when the total numbers of electrons and protons are not equal. For example, a neutral magnesium atom has 12 protons and 12 electrons. The magnesium ion, however, has 12 protons, but only 10 electrons. The net charge is 2+ and the formula for the ion is written as Mg<sup>2+</sup>. This is an example of a <u>monatomic ion</u> (single atom ion). Groups of covalently bonded atoms can also have a net charge. For example, the hydroxide ion consists of one atom each of oxygen and hydrogen. The group as a whole has 9 protons and 10 electrons giving a net charge of 1-. The formula of this <u>polyatomic ion</u> ("many" atom ion) is written as <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:state></st1:place>. Most polyatomic ions are anions; the ammonium ion, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, is an important polyatomic cation.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Naming monatomic ions follows some simple rules. The ionic forms of some transition metals and the names and formulas of the polyatomic ions, however, must be memorized. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">There are some helpful hints and trends for the monatomic ions to make learning easier. Metals tend to form cations and nonmetals tend to form anions. The common charges of monatomic main group ions are related to their position on the periodic table. All elements in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Group</st1:city> <st1:state w:st="on">IA</st1:state></st1:place> (the first column - the alkali metals) form cations with a 1+ charge. All elements in Group IIA (the second column - the alkaline earth metals) form cations with a 2+ charge. Metals in Group IIIA form cations with a 3+ charge. Elements in Group VIIA (the halogens) form anions with a 1</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> charge. Elements in Group VIA (the chalcogens) form anions with a 2</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> charge.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Most main group elements have only one monatomic ionic form. In such cases, the monatomic cations are simply named with the element name followed by the word "ion". For example Na<sup>+</sup> is the sodium ion. The monatomic anions are named by changing the suffix of the element name to "ide" and adding the word "ion". For example F<sup>-</sup> is the fluor<u>ide</u> ion and O<sup>2-</sup> is the ox<u>ide</u> ion.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Most transition metals (and even some heavier main group elements), however, have more than one possible monatomic ionic form. For example, iron has two ionic forms, Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup>. These two forms are distinguished in the written names of the ions by writing the charge as a Roman numeral in parentheses after the name of the element (without a space). Thus Fe<sup>2+</sup> is the iron(II) ion (pronounced "iron two ion"). This ion was formerly called the ferrous ion from the Latin name for iron, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ferrum</i>. Many other transition metals also have old names that are still used. For more examples see Table 3.1.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ionic compounds consist of oppositely charged ions present in a ratio to yield a uncharged substance. Usually only two kinds of ions are present. Occasionally three kinds are present, but this is uncommon. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The nomenclature of the ionic compounds is simple. By convention, the name of the cation is written first and the name of the anion is written second. The word "ion" is omitted and the names are separated by a space. The same order (cation first, anion second) applies to writing the chemical formulas of ionic compounds. The chemical formula, however, also indicates the smallest whole number ratio between the ions as subscripts. For example, table salt is composed of a 1:1 ratio of Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>-</sup> ions. Its name is sodium chloride and the formula is NaCl. (Note that omitted charge numbers and subscripts imply a "1".)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Table 3.1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Name of Ion</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Formula of Ion</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Classic Name of Ion</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">copper(I) ion</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Cu<sup>+</sup><sub><o:p></o:p></sub></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">cuprous ion</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">copper(II) ion</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Cu<sup>2+</sup></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">cupric ion</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">iron(II) ion</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Fe<sup>2+</sup></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">ferrous ion</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">iron(III) ion</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Fe<sup>3+</sup></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">ferric ion</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">lead(II) ion</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Pb<sup>2+</sup><sub><o:p></o:p></sub></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">plumbous ion</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">lead(IV) ion</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Pb<sup>4+</sup></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">plumbic ion</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">gold(I) ion</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Au<sup>+</sup></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">aurous ion</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">gold(III) ion</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Au<sup>3+</sup></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.6pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">auric ion</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Consider the following examples: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Example 1</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">: Write the formula for magnesium chloride.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Solution: The cation is Mg<sup>2+</sup>, and the anion is Cl</span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. When the anion and the cation are combined, the charges must "cancel". In other words, the total number of positive charges has to be the same as the total number of negative charges. The smallest whole number ratio of cations to anions to cancel the charges can be found mathematically using the least common multiple method. However, an easier way of accomplishing this is to write the cation followed by the anion, and criss-cross the numbers where the number (without its sign) of the charge on the cation becomes the subscript for the anion, and the number of the charge on the anion becomes the subscript for the cation as shown below:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 165px; margin-top: 14px; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 251656192;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="50" /></span><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 180px; margin-top: 18px; position: absolute; width: 39px; z-index: 251655168;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="39" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mg<sup>2+</sup> Cl<sup>1</sup></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mg<sub>1</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> MgCl<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Note that in writing the final formula, if there is no subscript, then the number is understood to be 1. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Example 2</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">: Write the formula for calcium phosphate.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Solution: The cation is Ca<sup>2+</sup> and the anion is PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3</sup></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. Use the criss-cross method to determine the subscripts.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="height: 22px; left: 0px; margin-left: 197px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 66px; z-index: 251658240;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1029" width="66" /></span><span style="height: 22px; left: 0px; margin-left: 206px; margin-top: 18px; position: absolute; width: 61px; z-index: 251657216;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1028" width="61" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ca<sup>2+</sup> PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3</sup></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Note that the polyatomic ion is in parentheses. Whenever you have more than one of a polyatomic ion in a formula, enclose the polyatomic ion formula in parentheses and put the subscript outside the parentheses.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Example 3</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">: Write the formula for tin(IV) sulfide.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Solution: The cation is Sn<sup>4+</sup> (remember the Roman numeral tells what the charge is on the cation) and the anion is S<sup>2</sup></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. Use the criss-cross method to determine the subscripts.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="height: 17px; left: 0px; margin-left: 177px; margin-top: 16px; position: absolute; width: 67px; z-index: 251660288;"><img height="17" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1031" width="67" /></span><span style="height: 17px; left: 0px; margin-left: 185px; margin-top: 15px; position: absolute; width: 70px; z-index: 251659264;"><img height="17" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/OWNER~1.ANO/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1030" width="70" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sn<sup>4+</sup> S<sup>2</sup></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Sn<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> SnS<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Notice that both of the subscripts are divisible by two. In writing formulas for ionic compounds, you need to write the empirical formula with respect to the cation and the anion. In other words, the subscripts must be in the lowest whole number ratio. In order to accomplish this for tin(IV) sulfide divide the subscripts by 2 to get SnS<sub>2</sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Example 4</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">: Write the formula for iron(III) phosphate.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Solution: The cation is Fe<sup>3+</sup> and the anion is PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3</sup></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. You can do the criss-cross method if you wish, but that is not necessary here. Since the numbers on the charges are the same for the positive and the negative charge, you only need one of each (in other words, no subscripts). Therefore, the formula is FePO<sub>4</sub>.<sub><o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Example 5</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">: Name the compound K<sub>2</sub>S.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Solution: The key to naming the compound is to identify the cation and anion in the compound. If you cannot find a distinct anion <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">and</b> a distinct cation in the compound, then the compound is not ionic. Another way to determine if the compound is NOT ionic is that all of the atoms involved are non-metals or metalloids (unless it begins with NH<sub>4</sub>).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">When attempting to identify the cation and the anion, remember that the cation is always written first, and except for ammonium (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>), the cation only consists of one atom. Here, the cation is K<sup>+</sup>, and the anion is S<sup>2</sup></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. In this case, the charges are deduced by the positions of potassium and sulfur on the periodic chart.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Once you have identified the cation and the anion, simply name the cation first, then the anion (do not write the word "ion" in the name of the ionic compound). The name of K<sub>2</sub>S is potassium sulfide.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Example 6</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">: Name the compound Ba(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> . <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Solution: Let's identify the cation and the anion. There are more than two different atoms here. Since "NH<sub>4</sub>" is not in the formula, it is the anion that is polyatomic. The cation is Ba<sup>2+</sup>, and the anion is NO<sub>3</sub></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. The charge on barium must be 2+ since it is an alkaline earth metal. The charge on nitrate must be memorized. The name of this compound is barium nitrate.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Example 7</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">: Name the compound CuBr<sub>2</sub>. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Solution: Identifying the anion is easy. The anion is Br</span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. Since the cation is a transition metal (or heavy main group metal), we need to look at the charge from the anion to help us determine the charge on the cation. Each Br</span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> anion has a 1- charge. Since there are two bromide ions, the total negative charge is 2-. This means that the cation(s) must have a total charge of 2+. Since there is only one cation, the charge for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">each</b> cation is 2+. Therefore, the cation must be Cu<sup>2+</sup>, and the compound is named copper(II) bromide, or cupric bromide. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">A list of ions is provided for you to help you with this exercise.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Cations with only one possible charge:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Li<sup>+</sup> lithium ion Al<sup>3+</sup> aluminum ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Na<sup>+</sup> sodium ion NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> ammonium ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">K<sup>+</sup> potassium ion Zn<sup>2+</sup> zinc(II) ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mg<sup>2+</sup> magnesium ion Ag<sup>+</sup> silver(I) ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ca<sup>2+</sup> calcium ion Ni<sup>2+</sup> nickel(II) ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sr<sup>2+</sup> strontium ion Ba<sup>2+</sup> barium ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Cations which can have more than one charge:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Fe<sup>2+</sup> iron(II) ion or ferrous ion Sn<sup>2+</sup> tin(II) ion or stannous ion <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Fe<sup>3+</sup> iron(III) ion or ferric ion Sn<sup>4+</sup> tin(IV) ion or stannic ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Cu<sup>+</sup> copper(I) ion or cuprous ion Pb<sup>2+</sup> lead(II) ion or plumbous ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Cu<sup>2+</sup> copper(II) ion or cupric ion Pb<sup>4+</sup> lead(IV) ion or plumbic ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Co<sup>2+</sup> cobalt(II) ion or cobaltous ion Mn<sup>2+</sup> manganese(II) ion or manganous ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Co<sup>3+</sup> cobalt(III) ion or cobaltic ion Mn<sup>3+</sup> manganese(III) ion or manganic ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Anions:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">H</span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> hydride ion C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> acetate ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">F</span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> fluoride ion MnO<sub>4</sub></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> permanganate ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Cl</span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> chloride ion SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> sulfate ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Br</span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> bromide ion HSO<sub>4</sub></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> hydrogen sulfate ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">I</span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> iodide ion SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2</sup></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> sulfite ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">O<sup>2</sup></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> oxide ion Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>2</sup></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> dichromate ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">O<sub>2</sub><sup>2</sup></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> peroxide ion CrO<sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> chromate ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">S<sup>2</sup></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> sulfide ion PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3</sup></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> phosphate ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">N<sup>3</sup></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> nitride ion C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> oxalate ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">NO<sub>3</sub></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> nitrate ion CN</span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> cyanide ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">NO<sub>2</sub></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> nitrite ion OH</span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> hydroxide ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2</sup></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> carbonate ion ClO<sub>3</sub></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> chlorate ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">HCO<sub>3</sub></span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> hydrogen carbonate ion ClO</span><sup><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> hypochlorite ion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">So far, only the naming of ionic compounds has been illustrated. Now let's discuss how to name compounds where there are no distinct cations or anions, the covalent compounds.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Naming Covalent Compounds</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Covalent compounds are composed of atoms joined by the sharing of pairs of electrons, called covalent bonds. Binary compounds, substances composed of two nonmetallic elements, are the simplest covalent compounds. Usually, one of the elements is more electronegative than the other. Fluorine is the most electronegative element. Generally, the closer an element is to fluorine on the periodic table, the greater its electronegativity. Thus, electronegativity tends to increase as you go up any given column or to the right on any given row in the periodic table (ignoring noble gases). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">In writing formulas and names, the less electronegative element is written first, followed by the more electronegative element. In the name, the more electronegative element is written as if it were an anion, so it has the "ide" suffix. The names of the elements are separated by a space.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">By the law of multiple proportions two elements may combine in more than one ratio to form different compounds. For example, carbon and oxygen can form either CO or CO<sub>2</sub>. These compounds must have different names. We use Latin prefixes to indicate the number of atoms of each element type as shown in the table below (Table 3.2):<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Table 3.2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Number of Atoms</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Prefix</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">1</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">mono-</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">2</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">di-</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">3</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">tri-</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">4</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">tetra-</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">5</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">penta-</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">6</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">hexa-</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">7</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">hepta-</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">8</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">octa-</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">9</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">nona-</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">10</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">deca-</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">If there is only one atom of the first element in the name / formula, the prefix "mono-" is omitted. So CO is carbon monoxide and CO<sub>2</sub> is carbon dioxide. Note the "o" in "mono" is dropped before the word oxide.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Some compounds have a "common" name. For example, trihydrogen nitride is ammonia, and dihydrogen monoxide is called water.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Example 8</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">: Write the formula for carbon tetrafluoride.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Solution: Since the first atom has no prefix, there is only 1 carbon atom. The prefix "tetra-", followed by fluoride, means there are four fluorine atoms. Therefore the formula is written CF<sub>4</sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Example 9</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">: Write the formula for dinitrogen trioxide.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Solution: The first atom has a prefix "di-" meaning two, so there are two nitrogen atoms that are written first. The prefix "tri-" means there are three oxygen atoms, so the formula is written N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></u> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Example 10</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">: Name the compound, IF<sub>3.</sub> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Solution: There is only one iodine, so we do not need the "mono-" prefix. For fluorine, the prefix "tri-" is used since there are three of them. Also, fluorine is written like the anion, fluoride. So the name of this compound is iodine trifluoride.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Example 11</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">: Name the compound, P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>6</sub>. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Solution: There are four P atoms written first, so the first part of the name is tetraphosphorus. The prefix "hexa-" is used since there are six of the second atom. Since the second atom is sulfur, it is written as the anion, sulfide. So the name of this compound is tetraphosphorus hexasulfide.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The tricky part about naming these compounds is classifying them as ionic or covalent. Once you do that, you know which set of rules to apply. Use the following guidelines to help you choose. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12pt;">Composed of only nonmetals or metalloids <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Covalent</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> and no ammonium, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+ </sup>, is present <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Metal and nonmetal <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ionic</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Ammonium and a nonmetal <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ionic<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Metal and a polyatomic ion <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ionic</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Ammonium and a polyatomic ion <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ionic<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Name contains prefixes like "mono", <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Covalent</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> "di", "tri", etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Name has no prefixes and is not a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ionic<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> special name like water.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">If you can distinguish metals from nonmetals and can recognize the polyatomic ion groups as formulas and names, the easier this will be.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold', sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold', sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">Experiment 3 - Nomenclature of Compounds<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">REPORT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Name________________________________________ Section _________<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">25 bottles are set out for you with either the name or the formula on the label. Record this on the table below. Then fill in the rest of the missing information. <u>All of the compounds on this table are ionic</u>. See the example below.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 616px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">#</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Name</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Formula</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Cation</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Anion</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Color</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">EX.</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sodium chloride<o:p></o:p></i></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">NaCl<o:p></o:p></i></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Na<sup>+<o:p></o:p></sup></i></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cl<sup>-</sup><o:p></o:p></i></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">white<o:p></o:p></i></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">1</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">copper(II) bromide</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">2</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">PbCr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">3</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Cr<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">4</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">barium nitrate</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">5</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">silver(I) acetate</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">6</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">KClO<sub>3</sub></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">7</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">CuCl</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">8</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">KMnO<sub>4</sub></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">9</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">potassium nitrite</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">10</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">MnCl<sub>2</sub></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 12;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">11</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Ni(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 13;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">12</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">ammonium sulfate</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 14;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">13</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">chromium(III) chloride</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 15;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">14</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">cobalt(II) nitrate</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 16;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">15</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Na<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 17;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">16</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">potassium Iodide</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 18;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">17</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">cobalt(II) sulfate</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 19;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">18</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">iron(III) chloride</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 20;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">19</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 21;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">20</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">ammonium phosphate</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 22;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">21</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">ZnSO<sub>4</sub></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 23;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">22</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">mercury(II) chloride</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 24;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">23</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">copper(I) sulfide</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 25;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">24</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">NaBr</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 26; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">25</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.55in;" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">iron(II) sulfate</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.85pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Again, fill in the blanks in the table. This is a list of compounds that are found in the "real world". Some of the compounds below are ionic and others are covalent. You must be able to tell the difference.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">#</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Name</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Formula</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Real World Use</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 1; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">1</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">AgCl</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">self tint sunglasses</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 2; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">2</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">dinitrogen monoxide</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">laughing gas</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 3; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">3</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">diphosphorus pentoxide</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">drying agent</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 4; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">4</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">lithium carbonate</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">medication for bipolar disorder</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 5; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">5</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">NaHCO<sub>3</sub></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">baking soda</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 6; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">6</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">tin (II) fluoride</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">fluoride in toothpaste</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 7; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">7</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Sr(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">used in road flares</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 8; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">8</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">CaCO<sub>3</sub></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Antacids</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 9; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">9</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">magnesium sulfate</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Epsom salts</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 10; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">10</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">CuSO<sub>4</sub></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">root eater</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 11; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">11</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">cobalt(II) chloride</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">humidity indicator</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 12; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">12</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">smelling salts</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 13; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">13</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">SO<sub>2</sub></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">pollutant in coal burning plants</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 14; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">14</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">barium sulfate</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">nasty drink before X-rays</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 15; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">15</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">K<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">used in breathalyzers</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 16; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">16</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">dihydrogen monosulfide</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">rotten eggs smell</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 17; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">17</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">chromium(III) oxide</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">dye used to color money</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 18; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">18</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">lead(II) sulfate</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">used in lead acid batteries</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 19; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">19</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Rust</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 20; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">20</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">MgO</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">magnesium supplement</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 21; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">21</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">sodium hypochlorite</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Bleach</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 22; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">22</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">calcium sulfate</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">plaster of Paris</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 23; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">23</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">CO<sub>2</sub></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">bubbles in soft drinks</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 24; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">24</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">FeSO<sub>4</sub></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">generic iron supplement</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 25; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">25</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">manganese(IV) oxide</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">used in flashlight batteries</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 26; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">26</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">tetraphosphorus trisulfide</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">used in match heads</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 27; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">27</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">silicon dioxide</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.8in;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">sand (life's a beach)</div></td> </tr>
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</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-43838076531631235162011-07-30T03:35:00.000-07:002011-12-27T16:31:39.202-08:00Ionic Compounds Study Guide<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Ionic Compounds</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><script type='text/javascript'><!--
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Binary Compounds I & II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Binary Compounds I</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">A. Identification</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: .5in;">1. Metal – Nonmetal (no O present)</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Metal salts</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. non-metal suffix – “ide”</div><div class="MsoNormal"> B. General Hazards</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Water reactive</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Alkali solutions</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Flammable Toxic Gas</div><div class="MsoNormal"> C. Examples</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Potassium Sulfide</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Aluminum Cloride</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Calcium Nitride</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Binary Compounds II</div><div class="MsoNormal"> A. Identification – same as Binary I</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Metals have the potential to have multiple charges</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. non-metal suffix – “ide”</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3.Metal suffix – “ous” for lower valence; “ic” for higher valence</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Systematic naming – Roman Numeral I & II</div><div class="MsoNormal"> B. General Hazards</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Water reactive</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Alkali solutions</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Flammable Toxic Gas</div><div class="MsoNormal"> C. Examples</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Cuprous Cloride or Copper II Cloride</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Cobaltous Cloride or Cobalt II Cloride</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3, Ferrous Cloride or Iron Cloride</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Metal Oxides – Metal Oxide Salt</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">A. Identification</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Metal with one oxygen</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Metal named first w/ non-metal oxygen identified as “oxide”</div><div class="MsoNormal"> B. General Hazards</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. water reactive w/ heat generated with reaction</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. corrosive solution – depending on base metal</div><div class="MsoNormal"> a. if O attached to alkali metal, corrosivity increases</div><div class="MsoNormal"> b. may act as an oxidizer</div><div class="MsoNormal"> C. Examples</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Aluminum Oxide</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Arsenic Oxide</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Beryllium Oxide</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Inorganic Peroxides<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b>A. Identification </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">1.Similar to metal oxides; instead of 1 O attached, 2 O attached</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Peroxide complex – an anion</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. A metal + peroxide ion</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 4. dioxide sometimes used in the name</div><div class="MsoNormal"> B. General Hazards</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Heat generated w/reaction</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Strong oxidizers</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Water reactive</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 4. Corrosivity depends upon base metal</div><div class="MsoNormal"> C. Examples</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Barium Peroxide</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Calcium Peroxide</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Cesium Peroxide</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Oxygenated Inorganic Compounds ( Oxy Salts )<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b>A. Identification</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Metal + Non-metal oxygenated ion </div><div class="MsoNormal"> a. Oxy ions are covalently bonded</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. The state of the compound identifies the prefix and suffix used</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">3. Naming configuration starts with the normal oxygenated state of the oxy ion</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"> a. More than one O – Prefix “Per” Suffix “ate”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"> b. <u>Normal state of O </u>- Suffix “ate”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"> c. Less than one O - Suffix “ite”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"> d. Less than two O – Prefix “Hypo” Suffix “ite”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> a. Base naming for oxy ions – <u>Normal State</u> – suffix “ate” (-1 ions)</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Chlorate ClO3</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Bromate BrO3</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Iodate IO3</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 4. Nitrate NO3</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 5. Manganate MnO3</div><div class="MsoNormal"> b. Base naming for (-2 ions)</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Carbonate CO3</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Sulfate SO4</div><div class="MsoNormal"> c. Base naming for (-3 ions)</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Phosphate PO4</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Borate BO3</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Arsenate AsO4</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 4. Example</div><div class="MsoNormal"> NaClO4 Sodium Perchlorate </div><div class="MsoNormal"> NaClO3 Sodium Chlorate</div><div class="MsoNormal"> NaClO2 Sodium Chlorite</div><div class="MsoNormal"> NaClO Sodium Hypochlorite</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Metal Hydroxides<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b>A. Identification</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Compounds that combine a metal and the hydroxide radical OH</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. The name of the metal + “hydroxide”</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. OH has a valence of -1</div><div class="MsoNormal"> B. General Hazards</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Produce heat during reaction</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. If mixed with water, produces a caustic solution</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Corrosive qualities dependent on the base metal</div><div class="MsoNormal"> C. Examples</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Aluminum Hydroxide</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Beryllium Hydroxide</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Cesium Hydroxide</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 4. Potassium Hydroxide</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Inorganic Acids (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Do not confuse with Binary Acids</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b>A. Identification</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Hydrogen + Polyatomic Non –metal</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Naming configuration </div><div class="MsoNormal"> a. Normal base state of the poly ion is identified</div><div class="MsoNormal"> b. Name ends w/acid</div><div class="MsoNormal"> c. Look at the number of oxygens in the poly/NM</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. More than 1 – Prefix “Per” Suffix “ic”</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Normal state - Suffix “ic”</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Less than 1 - Suffix “ous”</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 4. Less than 2 – Prefix “Hypo” Suffix “ous”</div><div class="MsoNormal"> B. General Hazards</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Toxic Corrosive</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Corrosive poison</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Oxidizer</div><div class="MsoNormal"> C. Examples</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Hypochlorous Acid</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Boric Acid</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Sulfuric Acid</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 4. Nitrous Acid</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Binary Acids (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Do not confuse with Inorganic Acids</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b>A. Identification</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. H + NM from VIB or VIIB – Hydrogen Halides</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Gaseous in pure form</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Aqueous when placed in water</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">4. H is changed to hydro; NM ending becomes “ic”; the word acid is added to the end</div><div class="MsoNormal"> B. General Hazards</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Toxic corrosive</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Corrosive poison</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Poison</div><div class="MsoNormal"> C. Examples</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Hydrobromic acid</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Hydrofluoric acid</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Hydrochloric acid</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Hydrates<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b>A. Identification</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Have water included in the molecule</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Appear wet; however are extremely dry substances</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Can be identified by the “ · ” in the formula</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 4. Salt · H20</div><div class="MsoNormal"> a. Name the salt</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in;">b. Identify the number of water molecules ( utilize greek numbering system – (1)mono, (2)di, (3)tri, (4)tetra, (5) penta, (6)hexa, (7)hepta, (8)octa</div><div class="MsoNormal"> c. End with “hydrate”</div><div class="MsoNormal"> B. General Hazards</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Strong affinity for water</div><div class="MsoNormal"> C. Examples</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Barium Hydroxide Octahydrate</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Aluminum Oxide Trihydrate</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Binary Non-salts<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">A. Identification</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. NM + NM</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. No Carbon within the compound</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. No polyatomic ion present</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 4. Greek numbering system used</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 5. Name of NM, then Greek number of the second NM and end in “ide”</div><div class="MsoNormal">B. General Hazards</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Flammable</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. water reactive</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Toxic</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 4. Oxidizer</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 5. Release of flammable and toxic gases</div><div class="MsoNormal">C. Examples</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Iodine Pentafluoride</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Bromine Pentafluoride</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Phosphorous Heptasulfide</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Non-Metal Oxides<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">A. Identification</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Name the principle atom that is not oxygen</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Count the number of oxygen atoms, and apply the Greek number</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. End with “oxide”</div><div class="MsoNormal">B. General Hazards</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Commonly found in products of combustion</div><div class="MsoNormal"> a. Asphyxiants</div><div class="MsoNormal"> b .Irritants</div><div class="MsoNormal"> c. Carcinogens</div><div class="MsoNormal">C. Examples</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Sulfur Dioxide</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Sulfur Trioxide</div><div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Carbon Monoxide</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Ammonia, Cyanide, and Azide Compounds<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> </div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-58430652740738709972011-07-28T20:07:00.000-07:002011-12-27T16:32:50.166-08:00Download Ionic Compound Files<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br />
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</tbody></table></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-85904581441985220852011-07-28T19:40:00.000-07:002011-12-27T16:33:20.757-08:00Molecular, Ionic and Net Ionic Equations<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Molecular, Ionic and Net Ionic Equations</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Strontium compounds are often used in flares because their flame color is bright red. One industrial process to produce low-solubility strontium compounds (that are less affected by getting wet) involves the reaction of aqueous solutions of strontium nitrate and sodium carbonate. Write the balanced molecular equation, the total ionic equation, and the net ionic equation for this reaction.<b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Placing aluminum foil in any solution containing aqueous copper (II) ions will result in a reaction. The reaction is slow to begin with, and then proceeds rapidly.</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Referring to a solubility table, name at least four ionic compounds that could be dissolved in water to make a solution containing aqueous copper (II) ions.</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of aluminum with one of the compounds you suggested in a).</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Write the total ionic equation for the reactions.</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Write the total net ionic equation for the reactions.</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">One industrial method of producing bromine is to react seawater, containing a low concentration of sodium bromide, with chlorine gas. The chlorine gas is bubbled through the seawater in a specially designed vessel. Write the net ionic equation for this reaction.<b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In hard-water analyses, sodium oxalate solution reacts with calcium hydrogen carbonate (in the hard water) to precipitate a calcium compound. Write the net ionic equation for this reaction.<b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In a laboratory test of the metal activity series, a student places a strip of lead metal into aqueous silver nitrate. Write the net ionic equation for this reaction.<b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Some natural waters contain iron ions that affect the taste of the water and cause rust stains. Aeration converts any iron (II) ions into iron (III) ions. A basic solution (contains hydroxide ions) is added to produce a precipitate.</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Write the net ionic equation for the reaction of aqueous iron (II) ions and aqueous hydroxide ions.</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">What separation method is most likely to be used during this water treatment process?</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A common method for the disposal of soluble lead water is to precipitate the lead as the low-solubility lead (II) silicate. Write the net ionic equation for the reaction of aqueous lead (II) nitrate and aqueous sodium silicate.<b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">In a water treatment plant, sodium phosphate is added to remove calcium ions from the water. Write the net ionic equation for the reaction of aqueous calcium chloride and aqueous sodium phosphate.</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">As part of a recycling process, silver metal is recovered from a silver nitrate solution by reacting it with copper metal. Write the net ionic equation for this reaction.</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Predict which of the following combinations of aqueous chemicals produce a precipitate. Write a net ionic equation (including any states of matter) for the formation of any precipitate.</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Lead (II) nitrate and calcium chloride</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Ammonium sulfide and zinc bromide</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Potassium iodide and sodium nitrate</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Silver sulfate and ammonium acetate</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Barium nitrate and ammonium phosphate</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Sodium hydroxide and calcium nitrate</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Equal volume of 1.0 M solutions of each of the following pairs of solutions are mixed. Predict which combinations will form a precipitate and write net ionic equation for the predicted reactions.<b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">CuSO<sub>4(aq)</sub> and NaOH<sub>(aq)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4(aq)</sub> and NaOH<sub>(aq)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Na<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4(aq)</sub> and CaCl<sub>2(aq)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">AgNO<sub>3(aq)</sub> and KCl<sub>(aq)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">MgSO<sub>4(aq)</sub> and LiBr<sub>(aq)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">CuNO<sub>3(aq) </sub> and NaCl<sub>(aq)</sub></span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A lab technician uses 1.0 M Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3(aq)</sub> to precipitate metal ions from waste solutions. the resulting filtered solids can be disposed of more easily than large volumes of solution. Write net ionic equations for the reaction between Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3(aq)</sub> and each of the following waste solutions.<b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Zn(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2(aq)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2(aq)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Fe(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3(aq)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">CuSO<sub>4(aq)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">AgNO<sub>3(aq)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">NiCl<sub>2(aq)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Defend the technician’s choice of Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3(aq)</sub> as the excess reagent.</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The purification of water can involve several precipitation reactions. Write balanced net ionic equation to represent the reactions described below.<b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">aqueous aluminum sulfate reacts with aqueous calcium hydroxide</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">aqueous sodium phosphate reacts with dissolved calcium bicarbonate</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">dissolved magnesium bicarbonate reacts with aqueous calcium hydroxide</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">aqueous calcium hydroxide reacts with dissolved iron(III) sulfate</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What two conditions must be fulfilled by a balanced ionic equation?<b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Write ionic and net ionic equations for these reactions.</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3(aq)</sub> + MgCl<sub>2(aq)</sub> ----> 2 NH<sub>4</sub>Cl<sub>(aq)</sub> + MgCO<sub>3(s)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">CuCl<sub>2(aq)</sub> + 2 NaOH<sub>(aq)</sub> -----> Cu(OH)<sub>2(s)</sub> + 2 NaCl<sub>(aq)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">3 FeSO<sub>4(aq)</sub> + 2 Na<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4(aq)</sub> ------> Fe<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2(s)</sub> + 3 Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4(aq)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">2 AgC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2(aq)</sub> + NiCl<sub>2(aq)</sub> ----> 2 AgCl<sub>(s)</sub> + Ni(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2(aq)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Write ionic and net ionic equations for these reactions.</span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">CuSO<sub>4(aq)</sub> + BaCl<sub>2(aq)</sub> ------> CuCl<sub>2(aq)</sub> + BaSO<sub>4(s)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Fe(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3(aq)</sub> + LiOH<sub>(aq)</sub> ------> LiNO<sub>3(aq)</sub> + Fe(OH)<sub>3(s)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Na<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4(aq)</sub> + CaCl<sub>2(aq)</sub> ---------> Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2(s)</sub> + NaCl<sub>(aq)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>(aq)</sub> + AgC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2(aq)</sub> -------> NaC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2(aq)</sub> + Ag<sub>2</sub>S<sub>(s)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aqueous solutions of sodium sulfide, Na<sub>2</sub>S, and copper nitrate, Cu(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, are mixed. A precipitate of copper sulfide, CuS, forms at once. left behind is a solution of sodium nitrate, NaNO<sub>3</sub>. Write the net ionic equation for this reaction.<b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Silver bromide is the chief light-sensitive substance used in the manufacture of photographic film. Mixing solutions of AgNO3 and NaBr can repair it. Write molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for this reaction. </span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Trisodium phosphate (TSP), Na<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, is a useful cleaning agent, but it must be handled with care because its solutions are quite caustic. If a solution of Na<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> is added to one containing a calcium salt such as CaCl<sub>2</sub>, a precipitate of calcium phosphate is formed. Write molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for this reaction. </span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Milk of magnesia is a suspension of solid magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub>, in water. This solid can be made by adding a solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, to a solution of magnesium chloride, MgCl<sub>2</sub>, which causes Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> to precipitate and leaves sodium chloride in solution. Write molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for this reaction. </span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Write molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for any reactions that occur between the following pairs of compounds. If no reaction occurs, write 'N.R.' </span><b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">CuCl<sub>2(aq)</sub> and (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3(aq)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">HCl<sub>(aq)</sub> and MgCO<sub>3(aq)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">ZnCl<sub>2(aq)</sub> and AgC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2(aq)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">MnO<sub>(s)</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4(aq)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="color: windowtext;">FeS<sub>(s)</sub></span></st1:place><span style="color: windowtext;"> and HCl<sub>(aq)</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
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</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-59884622704395633122011-07-28T19:33:00.000-07:002011-12-27T16:33:48.125-08:00Covalent and Ionic Bonds<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><script type='text/javascript'><!--
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<div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Covalent and Ionic Bonds</span></b></div><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">There are two basic types of compounds. They are distinguished by the manner in which the atoms bind to one another in the compound. These two types are called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">molecular compounds</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">salts</b> (or equivalently <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ionic compounds</b>).</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Recall, a <b>molecule</b> is the smallest particle of a pure chemical substance that still retains its chemical composition and properties.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Molecular Compound</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> - These compounds are made up of molecules whose atoms bind to one another through covalent bonds. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Covalent Bond</b> - The electrons are <b>shared</b> between atoms.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">An <b>ion</b></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> is </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">an atom or group of atoms that carries a positive or negative charge as a result of having lost or gained one or more electrons. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ionic bonds</b> occur due to the mutual attraction between atoms with positive and negative charges.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ionic Compound</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> - The atoms in salts are held together with ionic bonds. Unlike molecules, salts always form solids in a regular array called a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">crystalline solid</b>.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN">So, an<b> </b>ionic compound</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> is a chemical compound in which ions are held together in a lattice structure by ionic bonds. To form an ionic compound, there needs to be at least one metal and one non-metal. The metal element is usually the positive charge and the non-metal element is a negative charge. Ions can be single atoms, as in common table salt sodium chloride, or more complex groups such as calcium carbonate<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">NaCl (Sodium chloride)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">The <b>chloride ion</b> is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form the anion (negatively charged ion) Cl<sup>−</sup>. The salts of hydrochloric acid contain chloride ions and are also called <b>chlorides</b>. An example is table salt, which is sodium chloride with the chemical formula NaCl. In water, it dissolves into Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>−</sup> ions.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Molecular Formula for Molecular Compounds<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">As we know, molecules consist of two or more atoms bonded to one another through covalent bonds. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">The identification of these molecules is through their molecular formulas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">The Empirical Formula expresses the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">most simple ratio</b> of atoms in the molecule. For example, benzene has six carbon and six hydrogen atoms. Therefore, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen atoms is 6: 6 or simplified to 1:1. The empirical formula for benzene is <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">CH.</st1:place></st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Molecular Formulas express the correct ratio AND the correct number of atoms in the molecule. For benzene, the molecular formula would be C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">The Structural Formula has the correct number of atoms AND illustrates the bonding structure of the molecule.<span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
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</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Finally, there are 3-D Structural Models and Space Filling Formula.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> This is an illustration of the Space Filling Formula for benzene.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
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</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Molecular Formula for Ionic Compounds<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ionic compounds have atoms or molecules that bond to one another through their mutual attraction between positive and negative charges.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Positively charged atoms or molecules are called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cations</b> and negatively charged atoms or molecules are called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">anions</b>. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">As suggested, cations and anions attract one another. Conversely, cations repel other cations, as do anions and anions.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Electrostatic attraction is indiscriminate. That is, a cation can attract more than one anion and visa versa. The result is that cation-anion attractions form a large array called an ionic compound or salt. The bonds holding these ions together are called ionic bonds. However, this array has a very specific composition completely dictated by the charges on the cations and anions.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">The composition of ionic compounds is determined by the requirement that the compounds must be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">electrically neutral</b>. That is, the overall charges of the cations and anions must be zero. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>-</sup> Na is +1 charge and Cl is -1 charge. Thus, one Na cation cancels one Cl anion resulting in the formula NaCl. This formula is called the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">formula unit</b> since it represents only one unit of the vast NaCl array or lattice.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">An ionic compounds made up of single atom is a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">monatomic ion</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Cation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Anion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Compound<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ca<sup>2+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Cl<sup>-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">CaCl<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ba<sup>2+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O<sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">K<sup>+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">S<sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Fe<sup>3+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Br<sup>-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Cr<sup>3+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O<sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
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</tbody></table><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Molecules can also be ions - polyatomic ions. Most polyatomic ions are anions with one notable exception - the ammoniun cation (NH4+). The composition of salts with polyatomic ions is determined by the same rule as with monatomic ions. <o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cation<o:p></o:p></b></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Anion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Compound<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ca<sup>2+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">CaSO<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ba<sup>2+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">PO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">S<sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Fe<sup>3+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">CO<sub>2</sub><sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Li<sup>+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">K<sup>+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">CrO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Be<sup>2+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <br />
<div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> Teacher Copy – Answer Sheet<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ionic compounds have atoms or molecules that bond to one another through their mutual attraction between positive and negative charges:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Positively charged atoms or molecules are called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cations</b> and negatively charged atoms or molecules are called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">anions</b>. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">As suggested, cations and anions attract one another. Conversely, cations repel other cations, as do anions and anions.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Electrostatic attraction is indiscriminate. That is, a cation can attract more than one anion and visa versa. The result is that cation-anion attractions form a large array called an ionic compound or salt. The bonds holding these ions together are called ionic bonds. However, this array has a very specific composition completely dictated by the charges on the cations and anions.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">The composition of ionic compounds is determined by the requirement that the compounds must be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">electrically neutral</b>. That is, the overall charges of the cations and anions must be zero. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>-</sup> Na is +1 charge and Cl is -1 charge. Thus, one Na cation cancels one Cl anion resulting in the formula NaCl. This formula is called the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">formula unit</b> since it represents only one unit of the vast NaCl array or lattice.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">An ionic compounds made up of single atom is a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">monatomic ion</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Cation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Anion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Compound<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ca<sup>2+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Cl<sup>-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">CaCl<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ba<sup>2+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O<sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">BaO<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">K<sup>+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">S<sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">K<sub>2</sub>S<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Fe<sup>3+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Br<sup>-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">FeBr<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Cr<sup>3+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O<sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Molecules can also be ions - <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">polyatomic ions</b>. Most polyatomic ions are anions with one notable exception - the ammoniun cation (NH4+). The composition of salts with polyatomic ions is determined by the same rule as with monatomic ions. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Cation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Anion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Compound<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ca<sup>2+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">CaSO<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ba<sup>2+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">PO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ba<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">S<sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>S<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Fe<sup>3+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Fe<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">CO<sub>2</sub><sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Li<sup>+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">K<sup>+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">CrO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Be<sup>2+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ionic Compounds<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ionic compounds are compounds where two or more ions are held next to each other by electrical attraction. One of the ions has a positive charge (cation) and the other has a negative charge (anion). Cations are usually metal atoms, and anions are either nonmetals or polyatomic ions (ions with more than one atom).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">What are the main properties of salts (ionic compounds)? <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">All ionic compounds form crystals.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> Salts form crystals because the electrical positive and negative charges stick together in a “stack-like” formation. The arrangement is called the "unit cell". There are ten or so different general shapes.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ionic compounds tend to have high melting and boiling points.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> The melting point is so high that you cannot melt them with a Bunsen burner. Why are these temperatures so high? Recall, ionic compounds form crystals of positive and negative charges. To break the unit cell apart requires a lot off energy. </span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ionic compounds are very hard and very brittle.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> Again, this is because of the way that they are held together. The shape makes them hard. Their structure does not allow them to move or bend explaining the brittleness of ionic compounds. If whacked with a hammer, the energy to break the crystal shatters it. </span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ionic compounds conduct electricity when they dissolve in water.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> If we take a salt and dissolve it in water, the water molecules pull the positive and negative ions apart. The ions spread throughout the water. Thinking back to electricity, it is the movement of electrons. The positive and negative ions in the water allow electrons to flow. </span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Question:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> Why does electricity flow effectively through salt water but not as freely through salt crystals? The ions in the solid are in a crystal structure. The electricity does not move freely in the structure. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Question:</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> Does water without salt in it conduct electricity? Fresh water does not conduct electricity very well. The reason you are electrocuted when you drop a hairdryer in the bathtub is because the dirt washed off the human body is ionic and the ions conduct electricity. If you all the salt (dirt) off yourself and then drop a hairdryer in the bathtub, would you be safe? Theoretically, yes. In real life, you would be electrocuted because tap water has ionic compounds dissolved in it.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-48029538118732126292011-07-28T19:26:00.000-07:002011-12-27T16:34:29.953-08:00Rules for Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><script type='text/javascript'><!--
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rules for Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Write the metal symbol first and then the non metal symbol second.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ca<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Write the cation charge above the metal and the anion charge above the non metal<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2+<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>1-<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ca<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>I<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Do the crossover rule and write the charge for the cation as a subscript for the non metal symbol and the charge for the anion as a subscript for the metal.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2+<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>1-<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ca<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span> CaI2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">ß</span> subscript goes at the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span>bottom of the symbol</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>and is smaller.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rules for Naming Ionic Compounds<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">First Word – Name of the<span style="color: red;"> metal</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Second Word – Name of the <span style="color: magenta;">non-metal </span>end in <span style="color: green;">“ide”</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ex: <span style="color: red;">Calcium</span> <span style="color: magenta;">Iod</span><span style="color: green;">ide<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rules for Naming Ionic Compounds with Transition Metals<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The stock naming system uses roman numerals to indicate the charge of the cation because they can have more than one charge.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">First Word – Name of the<span style="color: red;"> metal<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: navy;">Roman numeral</span> in brackets to indicate the charge<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Second Word – Name of the <span style="color: magenta;">non-metal </span>end in <span style="color: green;">“ide”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ex: <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>FeCl3 is Iron <span style="color: navy;">(III)</span> chloride<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>FeO is Iron <span style="color: navy;">(II)</span> oxide<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Cu2S is coper <span style="color: navy;">(I)</span> Sulfide<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>PbO2 is lead <span style="color: navy;">(IV)</span> oxide<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">How do I know the charge for iron is 3? I use the reverse crossover rule<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span lang="FR">3+<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>1-<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">Ex:<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="FR">FeCl</span><span lang="FR">3 </span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="FR">Fe<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Cl </span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: red;">Iron</span> <span style="color: navy;">(III)</span><span style="color: magenta;">Clor</span><span style="color: green;">ide</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rules for Naming Ionic Compounds with Transition Metals<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The stock naming system uses roman numerals to indicate the charge of the cation because they can have more than one charge.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">First Word – Name of the<span style="color: red;"> metal<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: navy;">Roman numeral</span> in brackets to indicate the charge<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Second Word – Name of the <span style="color: magenta;">non-metal </span>end in <span style="color: green;">“ide”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ex: <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>FeCl3 is Iron <span style="color: navy;">(III)</span> chloride<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rules for Naming Ionic Compounds with Transition Metals<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The classic naming system uses the latin word with the ending “ous” to indicate the transition metal’s with the lower ion charge and the ending “ic” to indicate the greater ion charge of the transition metal.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For example: Fe is Ferrum and can have a charge of +2 ferrous or +3 ferric.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.55pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Element<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.75pt;" valign="top" width="101"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Latin Name<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.3pt;" valign="top" width="191"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ion with lower charge<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 144.2pt;" valign="top" width="192"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ion with Higher Charge<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.55pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Iron<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.75pt;" valign="top" width="101"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.4pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fe2+<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.8pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.4pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fe3+<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.55pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Copper<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.75pt;" valign="top" width="101"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cuprum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.4pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cu+<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.8pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.4pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cu2+<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.55pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lead<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.75pt;" valign="top" width="101"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Plumbum<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.4pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pb2+<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.8pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.4pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pb4+<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .95in;" valign="top" width="91"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Formula<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Classical System<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.45in;" valign="top" width="331"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Stock System<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .95in;" valign="top" width="91"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">FeCl3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ferric Chloride<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.45in;" valign="top" width="331"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .95in;" valign="top" width="91"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">FeO<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ferrous Oxide<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.45in;" valign="top" width="331"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .95in;" valign="top" width="91"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cu2S<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Coprous Sulfide<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.45in;" valign="top" width="331"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .95in;" valign="top" width="91"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">PbO2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Plumbic Oxide<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.45in;" valign="top" width="331"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Write the chemical formula for each<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a) Copper (I) Oxide<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">b) Lead (IV) Bromide<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">c) Iron (III) Sulfide<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">d) Nickel (III) Flouride<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e) Manganese IV) Fluoride<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-92146194598490124452011-07-28T19:12:00.000-07:002011-12-27T16:34:59.590-08:00Binary Ionic Compounds<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><script type='text/javascript'><!--
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Binary Ionic Compounds (Type I)</b> </span><br />
<ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The cation (positively charged ion; Na<sup>+, </sup>Al<sup>3+</sup>) is always named first and the anion (negatively charged ion; Cl<sup>-</sup>, O<sup>2-</sup>) second. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A monatomic (meaning one-atom) cation takes its name from the name of the element. For example, Na<sup>+</sup> is called sodium in the names of compounds containing this ion. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A monatomic anion is named by taking the root of the element name and adding <i>-ide</i>. Thus, the Cl<sup>-</sup> ion is called chloride, the S<sup>2-</sup> ion is called sulfide, and the O<sup>2-</sup> ion is called oxide. </span></li>
</ol><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td colspan="9" style="border: none; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Some common monatomic cations and anions are shown below</b> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cation</span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Name</span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cation</span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Name</span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Anion</span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Name</span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Anion</span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Name</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">H<sup>+</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hydrogen</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Li<sup>+</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lithium</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">H<sup>-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hydride</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">F<sup>-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fluoride</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Na<sup>+</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sodium</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">K<sup>+</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Potassium</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cl<sup>-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Chloride</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Br<sup>-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bromide</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cs<sup>+</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cesium</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Be<sup>2+</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Beryllium</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I<sup>-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Iodide</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">O<sup>2-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Oxide</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mg<sup>2+</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Magnesium</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ca<sup>2+</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Calcium</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">S<sup>2-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sulfide</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Se<sup>2-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Selenide</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ba<sup>2+</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Barium</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Al<sup>3+</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aluminum</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">N<sup>3-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nitride</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">P<sup>3-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Phosphide</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Zn<sup>2+</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Zinc</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ag<sup>+</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Silver</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As<sup>3-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Arsenide</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">C<sup>4-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Carbide</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Binary Ionic Compounds (Type II)</b> </span><br />
<ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The cation of a transition metal is always named first (like any cation) and the anion second. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A monatomic (meaning one-atom) cation takes its name from the name of the element. For example, Cu<sup>+</sup> is called Copper(I) and Cu<sup>2+</sup> is called Copper(II) in the names of compounds containing these ions. The number in parentheses is the charge of the cation. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>All</i> transition metal cations, except Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, and Ag<sup>+</sup> (which <i>always</i> have the charges shown here), <i>must</i> show the oxidation number (charge) in parantheses following the English spelling of the element, such as Iron(III), Copper(I), or Vanadium(V), whenever a compound containing these ions, which have multiple charges, is named. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For the cations in Groups IIIA-VIA (including, Sn, Pb, Ga, Bi, etc.) also have multiple charges, even though they are not transition metals. For all the metals in these groups (except Al, which, of course, <i>always</i> has a +3 charge), include a paranthesis after the name, and show its positive charge as a Roman numeral (Pb<sup>2+</sup> is Lead(II) in names) </span></li>
</ol><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Binary Covalent Compounds (Type III)</b> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Compounds containing only non-metal elements are named using Type III binary compound rules. These compounds are always neutral (not ions which have charges), and consist of only two elements (see acid naming below for compounds containing only non-metal elements, but with more than two elements. The prototypical compound is CO<sub>2</sub>, which is called carbon dioxide. </span><br />
<ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The first element shown in the compound is named as the element (e.g., for CO<sub>2</sub>, first element is "carbon") </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The second element shown in the compound is named according to the anion name, ending in <i>-ide</i> (e.g., for CO<sub>2</sub>, the second element is named "oxide") </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The second element always carries a prefix indicating the number of times it is present in the compound (e.g., for CO<sub>2</sub>, the second element (oxide) is present twice, so it has the "di" prefix) </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The amount of the first element is only shown, if it is present more than once. It is assumed to be present only once, hence just the name of the element. However, if it is present more than once, you must then specify the number of times it is duplicated (di, tri, tetra, etc.) </span></li>
</ol><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The following prefixes are used to specify the number of times an element is present in binary compounds: </span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; width: 100.0%;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>1 — mono </span></div><div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>2 — di </span></div><div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>3 — tri </span></div><div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>4 — tetra </span></div><div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>5 — penta </span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>6 — hexa </span></div><div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>7 — hepta </span></div><div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>8 — octa </span></div><div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>9 — nona </span></div><div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>10 — deca </span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Examples using prefixes:</b> </span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">CCl<sub>4</sub> — carbon tetrachloride </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> — diphosphorus pentoxide </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">N<sub>2</sub>O — ninitrogen monoxide </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ICl<sub>3</sub> — iodine trichloride </span></li>
</ul></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Please note that ionic compounds (Type I & II binary compound names) <i>never</i> use prefixes to specify how many times an element is present. Prefixes are <i>only</i> used for covalent compounds formed from non-metal elements. </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Common Acid and Anion Names</b> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Acids are compounds containing an ionizable proton (H<sup>+</sup>), since an acid is a proton donor (a hydrogen atom which has lost its electron). The polyatomic anions derived from acids are named by dropping the <i>-ic</i> (or <i>-ous</i>) suffix from the acid name and adding the <i>-ate</i> (or <i>-ite</i>) suffix, respectively. Compounds containing polyatomic anions are named using the <b>Type I</b> or <b>Type II</b> naming systems described above. For example, the sodium salt of nitric acid is sodium nitrate (NaNO<sub>3</sub>). If you know the acid formula you will <i>always</i> get the correct anion formula and its charge, since the charge is equal to the number of ionizable hydrogen atoms in the acid, and is always negative. For example, for sulfuric acid (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>), the anion is sulfate (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>) with a -2 charge. </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Acids which do <i>not</i> contain oxygen (e.g., HCl, H<sub>2</sub>S, HF) are named by adding the <i>hydro-</i> prefix to the root name of the element, followed by the <i>-ic</i> suffix. HCl is <i>hydro</i>chlor<i>ic</i> acid, H<sub>2</sub>S is <i>hydro</i>sulfur<i>ic</i> acid, and HF is <i>hydro</i>fluor<i>ic</i> acid (<i>italics</i> added for emphasis). Anions of these acids, which contain a single element (not polyatomic), are named as a regular non-metal anion (i.e., Cl<sup>-</sup> is chloride, S<sup>2-</sup> is sulfide, and F<sup>-</sup> is fluoride). </span><br />
<div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Acid</span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Name</span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Anion</span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Name</span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Acid</span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Name</span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Anion</span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Name</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">sulfuric</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">sulfate</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">HCl</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">hydrochloric</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cl<sup>-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">chloride</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">HNO<sub>3</sub></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">nitric</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">nitrate</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">HBr</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">hydrobromic</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Br<sup>-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">bromide</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">phosphoric</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">phosphate</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">HClO<sub>3</sub></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">chloric</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ClO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">chlorate</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">HC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">acetic</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">acetate</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">HClO<sub>2</sub></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">chlorous</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ClO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">chlorite</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">sulfurous</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">sulfite</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">HBrO<sub>3</sub></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">bromic</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">bromate</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">HNO<sub>2</sub></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">nitrous</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">nitrite</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">HBrO</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">hypobromous</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">BrO<sup>-</sup></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">hypobromite</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-21822518133730705432011-07-27T22:44:00.000-07:002011-12-27T16:35:30.963-08:00Molecules and Compounds<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><script type='text/javascript'><!--
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<div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Molecules and compounds</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In this chapter we will learn how compounds are formed, the types of chemical bonds in the compounds, how to write correct formulas and the names of the two types of compounds.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Molecules and compounds</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A molecule is a particle of matter in which two or more atoms chemically combined.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Chapter 3, we know that pure substances can be classified as elements or compounds. The elements can occur in individual atoms or molecules, depending on the item. Elements that we are molecules with more than one atom of the same type of chemically combined.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A compound consists of two or more items (two or more types of atoms) that have combined chemically, and therefore exists as molecules. Examples of compounds are water, H2O sulfuric acid, H2SO4, carbon monoxide, CO compounds usually have completely different properties to the elements of that form. For example, table salt, NaCl (sodium chloride) is commonly used to make our food taste better, but the sodium metal and chlorine gas can be very dangerous as individual items.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Law of constant composition</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In a compound, there are two or more types of atoms present. However, it is important to realize that a compound has a fixed composition, while a mixture of variable composition. The law of constant composition (sometimes called the law of definite proportions) states that a compound is composed of the same elements combined in the same proportion by weight. For example, the water still has eight parts of oxygen for each of the mass of hydrogen.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Chemical formulas</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Chemical formula offers a quick way to describe the composition of compounds by listing the type of atoms present and the number of atoms, the smallest unit of the compound.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In a chemical formula, atom types represented by the symbol of the element of the periodic table. If more than one atom of a particular type is present, an index number to the right of the symbol of the element indicates how many are present. For example, the formula NH3 ammonia compound, an ammonia unit contains a nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms. If only one atom of a particular type, the index "1" is not used. Use parentheses around a group of atoms in a formula to repeat.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Articles may be atomic or molecular</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As noted above, elements can exist in single atoms (atomic elements) or as molecules (the molecular).</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Molecular Elements: State of Sevens</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There are seven common elements at the molecular level, which occurs naturally as two atoms molecules: H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, BR2, and I2. If you find one of these factors, the periodic table, you will find that nitrogen starts, six of these elements form the number "7". You must remember to add hydrogen to this group accounts all seven elements. This is called the rule of 7, about</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Two atoms, molecules called diatomic molecule. These seven blocks diatomic molecules. You can also molecular compounds which are diatomic.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The compounds can be molecular or ionic</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The compounds can be classified as molecular compounds or ionic compounds.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(. Pronounced "eye'-ons") are ionic compounds composed of ions Ions are atoms or molecules that have a total charge: positively charged ions are called cations (pronounced "cat-eye-ons") and negatively charged ions are called anions (pronounced "eye-an'-ons"). A molecule that carries an overall positive charge or negative is called a polyatomic ion. Ionic compounds can be recognized as compounds that consist of a metal tied to a metal or non-compounds containing polyatomic ions.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Molecular compounds are those that contain only non-metals are glued together, and where there are polyatomic ions are present.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">CaCl2 is an ionic connection because it contains a metal bound to a non-metal.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NH4NO3 is an ionic compound because it contains at least one polyatomic ion. (More information about polyatomic ions later ...)</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NH3 and H2O would be molecular compounds because they contain only non-metallic minerals bonded to each other and there is no polyatomic ions.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The smallest unit of a molecular compound is a molecule. In an ionic compound, there is no molecule units, but there is a matrix or network of repeating units of cations and anions, which we call a "unit of the formula."</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Writing formulas for binary ionic compounds</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Binary ionic compounds, as its name suggests, consists of two elements. How to write the correct formula for ionic compounds formed between a metal and non metal? There are three steps, you will remember them by practicing how to write formulas.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Write the symbol for the cation first, followed by the symbol of the anion. For the ionic compound formed between magnesium and chlorine, write Mg 2 Cl-1.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Payments crossover so that the cationic charge should be the index for the anion and the anion of the payment should be the index for the cation. So, for example, magnesium chloride write -1 Mg Cl 2. Drop the positive and negative signs. For magnesium, the formula would then MgCl2. (If the index is 1, it is not written.)</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. Reduction and simplification, so that the indices are the smallest whole relationships. For example, ionic compound formed between calcium and sulfur, Ca +2 and S-2 ® ® Ca2S2 Cas.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Although the fourth of a connection consisting of ionic charged particles, they must be together in such a way that the substance has a total charge of zero, so that the substance is neutral.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Predicting the costs of the ions</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The above instructions assume you know what the charge on an ion. How do you know?</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If an atom loses one or more electrons, the more protons than electrons in the atom, therefore, become positively charged cations. The positive (+) charge is equal to the number of electrons lost.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If an atom gains one or more electrons, the more electrons than protons, the atom becomes negatively charged anion. The negative (-) charge is equal to the number of electrons gained.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Once again to help you remember, one atom loses electron (s) to form a cation, an atom gains electron (s) to form an anion.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">How can we know how many electrons from one atom to lose or gain? For many elements, it is relatively easy to look at their position in the periodic table. Elements of the group (Group 1A-7A) form a single charge and the group number is the number of electrons in the outer layer of the atom. Atoms take the easiest way to have eight electrons in their shell, they want to lose or gain electrons to more stable electronic configuration of a noble gas, a byte. Atom less than four electrons in its outer shell and an atom loses electrons more than four electrons in its outer shell electrons gain. The four outer electrons atoms prefer to share rather than winning or losing.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For the division (Group "A") information, the group number corresponding to the number of electrons in the outer layer. Group 1A elements will lose their valence 1 and will always be fresh, Group 2A lose 2 electrons to form ions with the two group leaders and 3A will lose 3 electrons to form ions with the three leaders.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4A group elements have a strong desire to lose or gain electrons, but prefer the action, so no stable monatomic ions.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5A-7A electron groups need to acquire the configuration of a stable octet. 5A group needs three electrons, the electrons will win as 3 and -3, and Group 6A Group 7A are -2 -1 form ions.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It is a form of group 1A elements of two ions? No! It will not be stable. It is a form of elements of a group of two ions? No! Not form a stable ion.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Naming ionic compounds</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ionic compounds consist of a cation and an anion. Naming ionic compounds from their formulas, only the name of the cation first, followed by the anion. These are the rules for naming cations and anions.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If communication is a type I or Division (Group "A"), the metal, it will be solely responsible, what is meant. It is not necessary to specify the names. While Mg 2 + is simply the magnesium ion.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If communication is a metal type II (these are transition metals that may have more than one office), the name of the cation is the name of the metal freight tracking, expressed in Roman numerals in parentheses. Thus, naming Fe3 + will be called iron (III) and Fe 2 + will be called iron (II). You must determine the load on the anion cation watching is paired with. In connection ionic charges build up to give zero, so that the compound is neutral, it will have a global responsibility.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If the communication is a polyatomic ion, you must know its name. The only polyatomic cation you should be worried about is the ammonium ion, which is NH4 +.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If the anion is a non-metal, he was appointed by the fall of the end of the item name and add "-ide" in its place. Thus, the anion formed by the element chlorine called "chloride" anion and oxygen is formed by "oxide".</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If the anion is a polyatomic ion, you must know your name.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sample forms and names of binary ionic compounds</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">PowerPoint slides slides to help you practice how to write correct formulas and names of binary ionic compounds. Test yourself by choosing the elements of groups 1 to 3 A and form compounds with elements of groups 5-7. Practice writing their names and formulas.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Polyatomic ions.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Polyatomic ions are ions composed of two or more items. These ions are formed when molecules gain or lose electrons. Examples of polyatomic ions, forms, fees and structures of electron pairs are illustrated in the slides. You should be able to recognize and name the following polyatomic ions: ammonium (cation polyatomic only of importance in this course), acetate, carbonate, bicarbonate (aka baking soda), sodium hydroxide, nitrates, nitrites, sulfates and chlorates.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Writing formulas and names of ionic compounds with polyatomic ions</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">You can write a formula for ionic compounds with polyatomic ions, is to follow the same procedure described above monatomic ions. Write a cationic charge and the first, then the anion, and then download crossover payments. If the index is written in polyatomic ions must be done as the unit and enclosed in brackets, the index is written. Subscript indicates the index of each atom polyatomic ions. Examples are shown compounds formed between Na and SO42-® Na2SO4, Fe 3 + and NO3-® Fe (NO3) 3</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Naming binary molecular compounds</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Remember that the molecular compounds are composed solely of non-metals, it is important to remember that the molecular compounds do not contain polyatomic ions such as ammonium. If ammonia is part of the name of the item (or NH4 + in the compound of formula) is an ionic connection, although there is no metal in the compound.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Naming molecular compounds that are 3 simple rules to follow:</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">First name of non-metals, first in the formula, using the full name of the item.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. The name of the second element of the surface of the skin, but changed its name to the end-ide.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Use a third prefix to each name to tell how many atoms of each element in the compound as indicated by the index in the formula. Use mono = 1 di = 2 tri = 3 tetra = 4, etc. (Exception: Do not use "mono" to the name of the first element.) Prefixes for numbers one through eight must be memorized.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Example: BB-3 would be designated as boron trifluoride, there would diphosphorus P2O5.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Determination of the Mass Formula</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the previous chapters, we have appointed the average mass of one atom of an element that the atomic mass atomic mass units (amu). When we speak of the compounds, we define the mass formula as the sum of the atomic masses of each atom in a unit of the formula of an ionic compound or molecular formula of a molecular compound.</span></div><div class="ParagraphHeader"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-61486897207832417322011-07-27T19:46:00.000-07:002011-12-27T16:36:51.934-08:00Elements, Compounds, Chemical Formula Writing and Naming<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><script type='text/javascript'><!--
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<div class="MsoBodyText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Elements, Compounds, Chemical Formula Writing and Naming, Moles, & Concentration</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h1><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">I.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Elements & Compounds</span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>The universe is made up of energy and matter</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Matter is made up of building blocks called elements (~100 or so)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Each element is made of one type of atom</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>The elements combine together to form compounds</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Atoms combine together to form molecules (millions and millions of different kinds)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>f.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></b><b>Do “Elements & Compounds Review & Practice” WS<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h1><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">II.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Chemical formulas – Writing</span></h1><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>A chemical formula consists of symbols of the elements and subscripts (small numbers), which indicate the number of each element present in the compound.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>i.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Simple rules in writing Chemical Formulas:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Represent each kind of element in a compound with the correct symbol for that element</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Use subscripts to indicate the number of atoms of each type in the compound. If there is only one atom of a particular element, no subscript is used</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Write the symbol for the metallic element first.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Use the ion charges to balance out the charges. (All molecules are neutral; net charge = 0)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Special case for polyatomic ions: keep the whole ployatomic group together and use brackets if necessary.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>ii.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Examples:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Sodium Iodide NaI</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>magnesium oxide MgO</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>zinc chloride ZnCl<sub>2</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>potassium nitrate KNO<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Aluminum sulphate Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Lead (IV) oxide PbO<sub>2</sub> <i>(Why the IV?)</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.75in;"><br />
</div><h1><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">III.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Chemical Formula – Naming</span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>By looking at the above examples and your own knowledged gained in previous courses you should be able to develop a “feel” for naming chemical formulas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Some simple rules:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>i.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Name metallic element first – unchanged</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>ii.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Name non-metallic element second – change ending to –ide</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>iii.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>If polyatomic ion is present use its name as given</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>iv.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>If the metal has more than one different charge i.e. Iron comes in two forms: Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup> then use a roman numeral to state which one is present.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>v.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Examples:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Na<sub>2</sub>O sodium oxide</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>MgF<sub>2</sub> magnesium fluoride</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Co<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> cobalt (III) oxide</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>PbSO<sub>4</sub> lead (II) sulphate</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> ammonium phosphate</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>vi.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></b><b> Review Worksheet<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt;"><br />
</div><h1><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">IV.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Balancing Chemical Reaction Equations</span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Word Equation – states the <b><i>reactant</i></b> compounds that are reacting to produce <b><i>product</i></b> compounds.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>i.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Sodium + chlorine à sodium chloride</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Translating this reaction means to re-write the reaction using the correct chemical formulas for each reactant and product.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>i.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Na + Cl<sub>2</sub> à NaCl</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Balancing the chemical reaction means to ensure that each side of the equation has the same number and kind of atom. Is this chemical equation balanced?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>i.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>To balance chemical reaction equations we use coefficients in front of the chemical formulas. DO NOT ALTER THE SUBSCIPTS!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>2 Na + 1Cl<sub>2</sub> à 2 NaCl (Note: 1’s can be left out)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>ii.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Check to see if you are balanced by counting up the atoms on both sides</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Please note: <b><i>In chemistry 12 a lot of our discussions and areas of studies depend on being able to create and balance a chemical reaction equation. This may depend on writing a correct chemical formula. In order to do well in Chemistry 12, students have to be able to write chemical formulas and balance chemical reaction equations easily.</i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>e.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></i></b><b><i>Review worksheet #18 & 19<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>V.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></b><b>Moles (Furry Creatures?, Skin blemish?, or maybe… a chemistry term!)<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Moles are very important in chemistry, but remember it just a number! (Dozen = 12, 1 gross = 144, 1 case = 12 etc.)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; text-indent: .5in;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1 mole = 6.02 x 10<sup>23</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> This number was chosen so that when you have this many atoms of any element, the mass of all the atoms would equal the atomic mass given on the periodic table.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">i.e. carbon 1 mole = 6.02 x 10<sup>23</sup> = 12.00 g</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> oxygen 1 mole = 6.02 x 10<sup>23</sup> = 16.00 g</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Calculating the molar mass of a compound:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>i.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Molar Mass = mass of 6.02 x 10<sup>23</sup> molecules of that compound</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>ii.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>To determine the mass of this many molecules we take the mass of one proton and then multiply it by … just kidding!!!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></b><b>Molar Mass of a Molecule:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Find the molar mass of each element in the compound according to the periodic table.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Multiple each mass by the number of each element in the compound.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Add up all the individual masses:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.0in; mso-list: l0 level6 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 3.0in; text-indent: -3.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>i.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Example: <b>NaNO<sub>3</sub></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Na 23.0 g x 1 = 23.0 g</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">N 14.0 g x 1 = 14.0 g</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">O 16.0 g x 3 = 48.0 g</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Molar Mass of NaNO<sub>3</sub> = 85.0 g/mole</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Now Try These:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.0in; mso-list: l0 level6 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 3.0in; text-indent: -3.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>i.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>NaBr _____________</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.0in; mso-list: l0 level6 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 3.0in; text-indent: -3.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>ii.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>MnCl<sub>2 </sub>_____________</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.0in; mso-list: l0 level6 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 3.0in; text-indent: -3.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>iii.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Al2O<sub>3 </sub>_____________</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.0in; mso-list: l0 level6 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 3.0in; text-indent: -3.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>iv.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> _____________</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.0in; mso-list: l0 level6 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 3.0in; text-indent: -3.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>v.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>CoCl<sub>2</sub>*5H<sub>2</sub>0 _____________</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 207.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 207.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 207.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 207.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></b><b>Mole Conversions<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>i.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>In Chemistry 12 converting from moles to mass and back again occurs all the time. I know that this is taught in Chemistry 11. I will not spend a great deal of time on this topic but here is a real quick review:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>ii.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></b><b>Moles to mass:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mass (g) = Molar Mass x # of moles</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> i.e. What is the mass of 0.065 moles of NaCl?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Mass = 0.065 moles x 58.5 g/mole = 3.8 g of NaCl </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>iii.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></b><b>Mass to moles:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 135.0pt; text-indent: 9.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Moles = Mass / Molar Mass</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> i.e. How many moles are there in 12.0 g of MgF<sub>2</sub>?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">First find the molar mass of MgF<sub>2</sub>: 62.3 g/mole</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Then: # moles = 12.0 g / 62.3 g/mole = 0.193 moles MgF<sub>2</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>VI.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></b><b>Reaction and Mole Ratios<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Chemical reaction Equations were not created to make chemistry students live difficult!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>They actually serve an important purpose.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Remember this pervious reaction:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2 Na + 1Cl<sub>2</sub> à 2 NaCl<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The coefficients state the mole ratio for the reaction between <span style="color: yellow;">Na</span> and <span style="color: yellow;">Cl<sub>2</sub></span>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2 Na + 1Cl<sub>2</sub> à 2 NaCl<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For example: This reaction means:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2 moles of Na will combine with 1 mole of Cl<sub>2</sub> to form 2 moles of NaCl</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">or</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4 moles of Na will combine with 2 mole of Cl<sub>2</sub> to form 4 moles of NaCl</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">or</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">0.01 moles of Na will combine with 0.005 mole of Cl<sub>2</sub> to form 0.01 moles of NaCl</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2 Al<sub>(s)</sub> + 3 FeCO<sub>3(aq)</sub> à Al<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3(aq)</sub> + 3 Fe<sub>(s)</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">How many grams of iron (II) carbonate would be needed to completely react with 108 g of aluminum?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Solution:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Step 1: Convert grams of Al to moles of Al</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Step 2: Determine the mole ratio between Al and FeCO<sub>3</sub>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Step 3: Find the number of moles of FeCO<sub>3</sub> from the moles of Al and the mole ratio.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Step 4: Convert moles of FeCO<sub>3</sub> back to gram of FeCO<sub>3</sub>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>VII.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></b><b>Concentration Calculations:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Once again this topic was covered in Chemistry 11. I will only give you a quick over view of it here. All of Chemistry 12 is solution chemistry, which means that calculating concentrations and using concentrations to solve problems is an important concept to know.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></b><b>Concentration = moles / volume<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="6" width="180"></td> <td width="112"></td> <td width="44"></td> <td width="220"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="25"></td> <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="top"><img height="102" src="file:///C:/Users/OFFICE~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026 _x0000_s1027 _x0000_s1028 _x0000_s1029" width="112" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="52"></td> <td></td> <td bgcolor="white" height="52" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="220"><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251659776;"> </span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1030"><div class="MsoNormal">(Units = Molar = moles/litre)</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="25"></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <o:p> </o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Example: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 135.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What is the concentration of a solution made when 19.0 g of Mg(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> is dissolved in a total volume of 250 mL of water?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 135.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>i.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Find the molar mass of Mg(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mg(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> = 148.3 g/mole</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>ii.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Find the number of moles from this molar mass and the mass given:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"># moles = 19.0g / 148.3 g/mole = 0.12811 moles</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>iii.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Calculate the concentration of the solution:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">C = n / V = 0.12811 moles / 0.250 L</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> = 0.512 M Mg(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2 </sub>Solution<sub><o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Now try this one:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A student needs to prepare 125 mL solution of a 0.300 M lead (II) nitrate solution. How many grams of the lead (II) nitrate does he need?</span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-66530926238739417352011-07-27T19:41:00.000-07:002011-12-27T16:37:55.291-08:00Naming Inorganic Compounds<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><script type='text/javascript'><!--
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Introduction</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The primary control in the chemical tests have to know the identity of the original materials. These data may be communicated by the name of the material and the labels of containers of reagents. The following sections describe the systematic names of simple inorganic compounds. These systematic names can be transferred with the chemical formula, and communicates the name of the chemical formula.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Binary covalent compounds</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Covalent compounds can be operationally defined as compounds that do not conduct electricity and clean when in liquid form. These compounds, with few exceptions, composed of a non-metallic components only. Binary covalent compounds are composed of two non-metals, and the name of the compound was built by the chemical formula as follows:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Prefix prefix + name + mother first element second element + ide</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Element of the body consists of dropping the last syllable is the name of the item. Prefixes for the number of atoms in every part of the equation, and the prefix corresponding to a given number of atoms can be found in Table 1, the prefix "But" has been dropped with the exception of carbon monoxide, and decided, " IDE "is available any two elements in compounds. Carbon dioxide is a familiar example of a systematic name. The name tells you what elements make up the carbon dioxide, the number of atoms of each element, and then the chemical formula for carbon dioxide. Please note, a compound that appeared on the Internet is dihydrogen oxide, which is the formula of this compound? The following examples may help answer this question.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Example 1 - What is the formula for sulfur hexafluoride?</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The components of the composite, S and F. In addition the prefix hexadecimal says there are 6 F atoms, so the formula is SF6.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Example 2 - Name the compound N2O4?</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The name is nitrogen tetroxide.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Table 1--Prefixes for number of atoms</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .5in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoBodyText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Number of atoms</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoBodyText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Prefix</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoBodyText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">mon</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoBodyText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">di</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoBodyText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">tri</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoBodyText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">tetra or tetr*</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoBodyText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">penta or pent*</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoBodyText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">hexa or hex*</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">*The first spelling is used if the stem of the element begins with a consonant and the second spelling if the stem of the element begins with a vowel.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Binary ionic compounds</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ionic compounds are operationally defined as compounds that conduct electricity when clean and in liquid form. All ionic compounds are solid at room temperature and with few exceptions, made of a metal and non-metals. When the metal is an element of Group IA, Group II element, or aluminum, is the name given by the form:</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Diocese of non-metallic element + IDE</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This system does not use prefixes and assumes knowledge of the law of electrical neutrality, the octet rule, and the ionic theory. Ionic theory states that ionic compounds consist of positive and negative ions formed by transfer of valence electrons between atoms or molecules. The attraction between the obligations of oppositely charged ions, the ions and the solid state. In the liquid state of the electrical attraction is much weaker and the ions are mobile. This explains why ionic compounds conduct electricity in liquid state. Electrical neutrality requires the total charge of positive and negative ions are equal and that no valence electrons are gained or lost by the transfer of electrons between atoms and molecules. The octet rule is used to attribute changes in the ions that form a compound, and said the group IA and IIA and aluminum components lose their valence electrons while nonmetals gain electrons to the total number of electrons valence of eight.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Example 1 - fluorite mineral has the chemical formula CaF2. What is fluorite is a systematic name?</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The names of the elements that make up the fluorite</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">calcium and fluoride.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The last byte of fluoride in the IDE and the change of name is calcium fluoride.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Example 2 - What is the chemical formula for cesium sulfide?</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The complex consists of cesium and sulfur. Since the periodic table and the octet rule, we</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cs 1 Valence loses 1 e-mail</span><br />
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</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">S has 6 valence ee-two victories.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For the electrons lost equal electrons gained, two cesium atoms lose electrons we have</span><br />
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</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2 CS Valance has two e-solutions e-2</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">S 6 Valance wins e-2 e</span><br />
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</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">and the formula for cesium sulfide Cs2S. Note to compose sulfide ions of cesium is Cs + and S2.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There are many other examples of metallic elements, and these metals are called transition metals (elements in columns headed by a B), inner transition metals (metals in separate block of the periodic table), or post-transition metals (all of the group IIIA - VIA metals except aluminum). A common property of all these metals is the formation of stable ions with different charges depending on the conditions under which the ion is formed. For ionic compounds with metals, the systematic name is:</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">metal (Roman numerals) non-metallic rods + IDE.</span><br />
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</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Roman numeral is equal to the charge of metal ions. The following examples show how the names of these compounds are assigned and used to determine the chemical form of the name.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Example 1 - Color Ruby and Sapphire is a small amount of Cr2O3 in gemstones. What is the systematic name for Cr2O3?</span><br />
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</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The load on the "B" metal is determined from the non-metallic. In the periodic table and the octet rule</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">O has 6 valence e-2 wins</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">and for composites</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3 O 18-th and Valencia have won the sixth</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As the electrons lost equal electrons gained, said the chemical formula</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2 Chron lost E-6</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">then</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cr lost 3 e.</span><br />
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</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The name of the compound is chromium (III) oxide.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Example 2 - a lead compound (IV) oxide used in car batteries. What is the chemical formula of lead (IV) oxide?</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pb and lost 4-(lead (IV))</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The following examples illustrate the system of nomenclature and chemical principles.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">O has 6 valence e-e-2 wins (from speeches and periodicals octet rule)</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lost electrons so the electrons are the same, say two O</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lost 4 e-Pb</span><br />
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</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">O 2 has 12 valence-gain and-4.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The chemical formula is PbO2.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ionic compounds with polyatomic ion or complex</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Polyatomic ion or complex are examples of molecules that have lost or gained valence electrons. The names of ionic compounds the negative ions in the complex ends with "ite" or "eaten", with few exceptions. The most common exceptions are compounds that contain the following complex ions:</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hydroxide ions OH-</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">CN, cyanide ion</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">O22-Peroxide ions.</span><br />
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</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The names of compounds with these ions are composed of metal and anions. For example, the name of the poison sodium cyanide NaCN.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Many complex ions NMOmn formula, and the names of ionic compounds containing these ions are structured this way:</span><br />
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</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">metal and nonmetal auction ite or ate.</span><br />
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</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The "ate" ion always has one more than the O atom "ite" ion. For example, SO42-is the sulfate ion and sulfite ion SO32-is. For a non-metallic, knowing the charge and the number of oxygen atoms in the "ate" ion is sufficient to recall the formula and a charge to "ite" ion. Table 2 lists six "ate" ions, and these are the best souvenir. The composition of other ions can be deduced from these ions and the periodic law. In writing formulas with complex ions are more complex ions in parentheses, but only complex ions were not in parentheses. A few examples illustrate the names of compounds with complex ions follow.</span><br />
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<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Example 1--Phosphate rock has the chemical formula Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. What is the systematic name of phosphate rock?</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The names of the component elements excluding oxygen are </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> calcium phosphorous</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">and since PO<sub>4</sub> is the formula of phosphate ion the name is calcium phosphate.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Example 2--A preservative has the name sodium nitrite. What is the chemical formula of the preservative?</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Nitrite ion refers to the ion NO<sub>2</sub><sup>–</sup> which has gained 1 e<sup>–</sup> </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Na has 1 valence e<sup>–</sup> loses 1 e<sup>–</sup>.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Since electrons lost equals electrons gained, the chemical formula is NaNO<sub>2</sub>.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Example 3--What is the charge on the complex ion in the compound Na<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>?</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The charge is determined from the "A" metal</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Na has 1 valence e<sup>–</sup> loses 1 e<sup>–</sup></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">and since the formula has 2 Na ions, the number of electrons lost is</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 2 Na have 2 valence e<sup>–</sup> lose 2 e<sup>–</sup>.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">and electrical neutrality requires that</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub><sup>n–</sup> gains 2 e<sup>–</sup>.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The charge is –2 (C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup>).</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Table 2--Names and formulas of common oxyanions</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoBodyText">Ion</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoBodyText">Name</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoBodyText">CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoBodyText">carbonate ion</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoBodyText">NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoBodyText">nitrate ion</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoBodyText">SiO<sub>4</sub><sup>4–<o:p></o:p></sup></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoBodyText">silicate ion</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoBodyText">PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3–</sup></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoBodyText">phosphate ion</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoBodyText">SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoBodyText">sulfate ion</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoBodyText">ClO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoBodyText">chlorate ion</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoBodyText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Acids<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Acids are operationally defined as compounds that form sour tasting solutions, turn blue litmus paper pink, have a pH less than 7, and chemically react with bases to neutralize acid and base properties. Theoretically acids donate hydrogen ions (H<sup>+</sup>) and produce hydronium ion (H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>) in water. The formulas of these compounds are written with acid hydrogen first. For example, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> is the chemical formula of sulfuric acid and indicates two acidic H. The systematic name of a binary acid, H<sub>n</sub>X where X is a nonmetal element, is assigned using the format</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Hydro + stem of nonmetal element + ic acid.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The chemical formula of a binary acid can be determined from the name by determining the charge predicted by the octet rule for the nonmetal element and then balancing this charge with the appropriate number of hydrogen ions. Examples 1 and 2 below illustrate the application of these rules.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Oxyacids are another common group of acids, and the chemical formulas for these compounds have the form H<sub>n</sub>NMO<sub>m</sub>. The name of an oxyacid has the form</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> stem of nonmetal + ous or ic acid.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For a specific nonmetal, the ous acid always has one less oxygen than the ic acid. The correct ending can be selected by treating the acid as an ionic compound composed of hydrogen ions (H<sup>+</sup>) and a complex ion, applying electrical neutrality to assign the charge on the complex ion, naming the complex ion, and then changing the ite ending to ous acid or the ate ending to ic acid. The procedure is reversed to determine the chemical formula from the systematic name. Also, the system can be extended to less or more oxygens by adding the prefix hypo to the ous acid for one less oxygen and the prefix hyper to the ic acid for one more oxygen. Examples 3 and 4 illustrate the systematic naming of oxyacids. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Example 1--H<sub>2</sub>S is a foul smelling gas that forms an acidic solution when dissolved in water. What is the acid name of H<sub>2</sub>S?</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The compound is a binary acid and the name is</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> hydrosulfuric acid.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Example 2--Hydrofluoric acid is used to etch glass. What is the chemical formula of hydrofluoric acid?</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The nonmetal is fluorine and the the octet rule predicts</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> F has 7 valence e<sup>–</sup>- gains 1 e<sup>–</sup>; F<sup>–</sup></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> H has lost 1 e-; H<sup>+</sup></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The chemical formula is HF.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Example 3--One of the acids found in acid rain has the chemical formula H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>. What is the name of this acid?</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The acid has two acidic H hence</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 2 H have lost 2 e<sup>–</sup>; 2 H<sup>+</sup></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> SO<sub>3</sub> has gained 2 e<sup>–</sup>; SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2</sup><sup>-</sup>.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The name of the complex ion is sulfite ion, and the name of the acid is sulfurous acid.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Example 4--Carbonic acid is present in all carbonated beverages. What is the chemical formula of carbonic acid?</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The ic ending says the acid may be treated as composed of carbonate ion and hydrogen ion. The corresponding chemical formulas are</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup> has gained 2 e<sup>–</sup></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> H<sup>+</sup> has lost 1 e<sup>–</sup>,</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">and electrical neutrality says</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup> has gained 2 e<sup>–</sup></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 2 H<sup>+</sup> have lost 2 e<sup>–</sup>.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The chemical formula of carbonic acid is H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>.</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 1in;">Chemistry 1000 exercise on Inorganic Nomeclature</div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText">1. The correct scientific name for the mineral hematite, Fe<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2</span>O<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">3</span>, is</div><div class="MsoBodyText"> a)iron oxide</div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText"> b)iron(III) oxide</div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText"> c)diiron trioxide</div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText">2. Please name the following</div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText"> a)AsF<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText"> b)Al<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2</span>S<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText"> c)TiO<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText"> d)CoCl<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText"> e)Cr(OH)<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText">3.Please write the formula for</div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText"> a)Manganese(III) phosphite</div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText"> b)Strontium fluoride</div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText"> c)Sodium nitrate</div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText"> d)Dinitrogen pentoxide</div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText"> e)Potassium carbonate</div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText">4.Please write the chemical formula and charge for </div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText"> a) sulfide ion</div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText"> b) sulfate ion</div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div></span><br />
<br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9194636655916391191.post-45907919623594029902011-07-27T07:11:00.000-07:002011-12-27T16:38:26.959-08:00Writing Covalent and Ionic Formulas<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><script type='text/javascript'><!--
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">WRITING FORMULAS & NAMING </span></u></b><b><i><u><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">IONIC</span></u></i></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">COMPOUNDS<span style="color: red;"> (KEY)</span><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Ammonium dichromate <span style="color: red;">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Iron (II) cyanide <span style="color: red;">Fe(CN)<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Aluminum phosphite <span style="color: red;">AlPO<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Chromium (II) iodide <span style="color: red;">CrI<sub>2</sub></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Calcium bicarbonate <span style="color: red;"> Ca(HCO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Mercury (I) sulfite <span style="color: red;">Hg<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">7. Aluminum chlorate <span style="color: red;"> Al(ClO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">8. Silver nitrate <span style="color: red;"> AgNO<sub>3</sub></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">9. Ammonium hydroxide <span style="color: red;">NH<sub>4</sub>OH</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">10. (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> <span style="color: red;">ammonium phosphate</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">11. Hg<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> <span style="color: red;">mercury (I) dichromate</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">12. PbSO<sub>3</sub> <span style="color: red;">lead (II) sulfite</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">13. MnCl<sub>2</sub> <span style="color: red;">manganese (II) chloride</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">14. Cr<sub>2</sub>(Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>)<sub>3</sub> <span style="color: red;">chromium (III) dichromate</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">15. SnO <span style="color: red;"> tin (II) oxide</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">16. NaHSO<sub>3</sub> <span style="color: red;">sodium bisulfite</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">17. Cu<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> <span style="color: red;"> copper (II) phosphate</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">18. FeN <span style="color: red;">iron (III) nitride <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">19. Sr<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> <span style="color: red;">strontium phosphate<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">20. HgNO<sub>2</sub> <span style="color: red;">mercury (I) nitrite</span></span><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">WRITING FORMULAS & NAMING </span></u></b><b><i><u><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">COVALENT</span></u></i></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> COMPOUNDS <span style="color: red;">(KEY)</span></span></u></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Dinitrogen tetroxide <span style="color: red;"> N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Boron triflouride <span style="color: red;">BF<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Hydrogen monobromide <span style="color: red;">HBr<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4. </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Dinitrogen pentoxide </span><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Carbon monoxide </span><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">CO</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Silicon tetriodide </span><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">SiI<sub>4</sub></span><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">7. Nitrogen trifluoride </span><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">NF<sub>3</sub></span><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">8. Tetraphosphorous trisulfide </span><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">9. Dihydrogen monoxide <span style="color: red;">H<sub>2</sub>O</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">10. CaO <span style="color: red;">calcium monoxide<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">11. CH<sub>4</sub> <span style="color: red;">carbon tetrahydride<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">12. C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> <span style="color: red;">dicarbon hexahydride<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">13. P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>3</sub> <span style="color: red;">tetraphosphorus trisulfide<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">14. As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> <span style="color: red;">diarsenic pentoxide<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">15. SeO<sub>2</sub> <span style="color: red;">selenium dioxide<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">16. SiI<sub>4</sub> <span style="color: red;"> silicon tetriodide</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">17. CO<sub>2</sub> <span style="color: red;">carbon dioxide</span><o:p></o:p></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0