basically defined ionic compounds

Ionic compounds are basically defined in such a way that compounds containing two or more ions are considered alongside electrical attraction. One of the positively charged ions (called "cations") and the second is a negative charge ("anion"). Cations are usually the metal atoms and anions are polyatomic ions or metals (ions with more than one atom). Thinking about school: the same thing that makes the positive and negative ends of the magnet attached to one another, which makes the cations and anions cling to each other.

Usually, when we are ionic compounds, forming large crystals, you can see with the naked eye. Table salt is an example of this - if you look at a salt crystal, it is likely that you will be able to see which looks a bit 'like a cube. This is because the salt as a stack of small cube-shaped.

Sometimes, when you see the salt, dust appears in place of the cube. This does not mean that salt is not a crystal - it means that the crystals are so small that you can not see with the naked eye. If you were to put the dust under a microscope, chances are you've seen a bit 'of geometric blocks.

So what are the important properties of salts? Well, I'm sure glad you asked ...

All ionic compounds form crystals. As far as I know, there are exceptions. Once again, the desire to form salt crystals, because when there is a whole series of small positive and negative electrical charges, all stuck together, seem to be happy bunch of small groups of stacking. The arrangement of these ions as part of a stack is different, and is called "unit cell". There are a dozen different types of cells generic units. When you graduate, you ask them. High school classes, it really is not so important.

Ionic compounds tend to have high melting and boiling points. When I say "high", which I think is "very, very high." Most of the time when working with ionic compounds in a chemistry class, the melting temperature is warm enough that you can not melt them with a Bunsen burner. So why such high temperatures? Well, it has to do with how the ionic materials are held together. Remember how we said earlier that crystals form ionic compounds? These crystals are really just great big blocks of positive and negative charges while being held. To break the positive and negative charges apart, it takes a tremendous amount of energy. This means that if we heat the fabric to add energy, it requires an enormous amount of energy to break.

Ionic compounds are very hard and very fragile. Again, it is because of how they stick together. Above we said that it takes a lot of energy to break the positive and negative charges apart. This is why ionic compounds are so difficult - it simply does not move much, so it does not bend at all. This also explains the fragility of the ionic compounds. It takes lots of energy for ionic charges of others. However, if we give a large crystal hit hard enough with a hammer, usually end up with more energy to break the glass the glass is not broken in one place, but a lot of places. Instead of cutting to the chase, is shattered.

Of electricity when ionic compounds dissolve in water. If we take salt and dissolved in water, the water molecules pull the positive and negative ions from each other. (This is due to the unusual properties of water, but it's a different story a different time). In contrast, the ions adjacent to each other, walking around in water. Now, think about what that power is - I hope you remember that electricity is only the movement of electrons through the metal (or elsewhere). Now, the electrons are the only negatively charged particles, and metals are the property of their own good, allowing them to go around. The salts are dissolved in the same way. When the salt dissolves in water, positive and negative ions in the water with the electrons to flow much better than if just had the water itself. Voila! The salt water does! The question is, maybe it is, "'the flow of electricity through crystals of salt?" Nope. It does not.

Because the ions are trapped in a place due to the crystal structure is electrically not move very well. Another good question: "Is the water without salt in the conduct electricity?" The answer: Not very well. The water itself is a lousy leader. The reason that sets hair in Boneheads the bath with them again in the donut man is that when they wash all the dirt on them will be dissolved in water. Some of ionic impurities, so when the dryer hit the water, they get zapped . A "thought experiment" It would be interesting to wash all the salt for yourself and then drop a hairdryer in the bath with you. In theory, you would be fine. In real life, would you still become a creature crunch because the tap water itself, there are ionic compounds dissolved in anyway.

Read More

powered by disqus

"blog comment" "powered by disqus", "car" "powered by disqus", "comments powered by disqus" personal improvement, "comments powered by disqus" seo, "news" powered by disqus, "outsourcing" "blog comments powered by disqus”, "powered by blogger" "loan, "powered by blogger" "personal finance, "powered by blogger" "seo advantages, "powered by blogger" "web design seo, "powered by blogspot" -"comments are closed" "real estate", "powered by blogspot" web, "powered by disqus finance blog", "powered by disqus", "powered by disqus" "loan", "powered by disqus" article submission, "powered by disqus" article submission service, "powered by disqus" article submission service blog, "powered by disqus" computer & hardware, "powered by disqus" digital media, "powered by disqus" education career blog, "powered by disqus" finance, "powered by disqus" internet marketing, "powered by disqus" search engine optimization, "powered by disqus" seo, "powered by disqus" sign supplies dofollow blogs, "powered by disqus" web designing company, "powered by disqus" web directories, "powered by disqus"article submission, "powered by disqus"local seo services, "powered by disqus"online marketing, "powered by disqus"payday loan payday loan", "powered by disqus"seo blogs, "powered by disqus"web hosting blogs, "powered by disqus"web marketing, ???????? "blog comments powered by disqus", Adsense, advantages of education loan powered by disqus, amazing website designs "blog comments powered by disqus", article "comments powered by disqus", article submission disqus, article submission powered by disqus, article submission service powered by disqus, article submission services disqus, article submit "comment powered by disqus", bad credit credit cards "blog comments powered by disqus", benefits of disqus, benefits of disqus for seo, best geek finance blogs, blog comment list for seo, blog comment:seo powered by disqus, blog commenting inurl: loans, blog commenting list usa, blog commenting site list, blog commenting sites, blog commenting sites list, blog comments "powered by disqus" car, blog comments ionurl;, blog comments list on payday loans, blog comments powered by disqus, blog comments powered by disqus : seo services, blog comments powered by disqus online payday loans, blog comments powered by disqus payday loan payday loan, blog comments powered by disqus payday loans, blog comments powered by disqus seo, blog comments powered by disqus web developer, blog directory submission, blog directory submission "powered by disqus", blog powered by disqus, blog seo link buildng powered by disqus, blog service disqus, blog site "powered by disqus", blogger disqus adsense, blogs e-marketing powered by disqus, blogs e-marketing services powered by disqus, blogs list powered by disqus, blogs list using disqus facility, blogs on hosting powered by disqus, blogs on internet marketing services powered by disqus, blogs on web hosting powered by disqus, bookmarking designs with blog comments, business card design inurl:/blog intext: name comments inanchor: design, call, callforhelp, car blog commenting powered by.:disqus.com, car engines powered by disqus:.com, celebrity inurl :blog, chat, cheap seo services"powered by disqus", chris, chris pirillo seo serves, chrispirillo, comment on finance marketing top sites, comments blog and seo, computer, computer blog comment, computer blog commenting powered by disqus:.com, computer gadget disqus blogs, computer gadgets disqus, computer parts “powered by disqus.com”, computer social sites disqus, computers disqus blogs, dating blog commenting sites -nofollow, dating blogs, dating blogs powered by disqus, design blogs disqus, designing blog commenting enabled powered by :disqus:.com, designing blogs disqus, digital, directory submission "powered by disqus", directory submission service powered by disqus, disgus sites list, disquis blogs list, disqus "outsourcing", disqus analytics collision, disqus blog directory, disqus blog for article submission, disqus blog:article submission, disqus blogs list, disqus chat, disqus comments on outsourcing, disqus for page review, disqus live chat, disqus live chat support, disqus outsource, disqus partner sites list, disqus powered blogs, disqus powered blogs list, disqus seo, disqus.com blog list, electronics repair services blogs for submission powered by disqus, example of website using disqus seo, finace blog by "power by disques", finance blog by "power by disqus", financial loan "disqus" blogs, finces free love dating site.com, for, gadgets, gadgets disqus blogs, geek, geeks, google blog commenting powered by disqus:.com, help, home appliances repair services blogs powered by disqus, home design"blog comments powered by disqus", home electronics repair services blogs powered by disqus, home improvement"powered by disqus", how, how is disqus financed, how to serch dating disqus blog in au, Howto, internet marketing "blog comments powered by disqus", internet marketing blogs disqus, internet marketing disqus, internet marketing powered by disqus, intext:"blog comments powered by disqus", intitle: blog commenting making money online:.com, intitle:gadgets"powered by blogengine" comments, inurl : articles computers, inurl jewelry comment, inurl: "/article/" comment, inurl: blogs_news, inurl: star"blog comment", inurl:credit"blog comments", inurl:finance"powered by disqus", inurl:loans"blog comments", inurl:marketing"blog comment", jewelry watches “powered by disqus.com”, link building "powered by disqus", link building using disqus, link: http://www.realseocompany.com/, list of blog commenting sites, list of blogs that using disqus, list of comments powered by disqus, list of disqus sites for commenting, list of disqus sites for comments, list of free blog commenting sites, list of seo blogs list "powered by disqus", live chat disqus, live chat outsourcing "disqus", live chat with disqus, loan "blog comments powered by disqus", loans powered by disqus, lockergnome, lockergnome blog make money, love "powered by disqus", love and dating "powered by disqus", love dating "powered by disqus", love tips "powered by disqus", marketing blog comments powered by blogspot, marketing blogs disqus, marketing seo blogger disqus, marketing services disqus blogs, marketing strategy services blog comments powered by blogspot, news blog commenting powered by disqus:.com, on page seo blogs disqus, online dating disqus blogs and comments, online jewelers articles submission, online jewelry submission, online love site powered by, online marketing blog disqus, online marketing blogs powered by disqus, optimization search engine blog powered by disqus, outsource blog disqus, outsourcing seo services blog comments, outsourcing usa blog commenting, payday loan "blog comments powered by disqus", payday loan powered by disqus, pc, personal, personal loan disqus, php web design powered by disqus, pirillo, powered by blog engine, powered by blog engine"disqus', powered by blogengine dating, powered by disqus "outsourcing", powered by disqus 'seo company', powered by disqus link building community, powered by disqus sign making supplies, powered by disqus usa finance blogs, professional web design company powered by disqus, professional web design powered by disqus, real estate advantage powered by disqus, recent comments disqus, review, search engine marketing "powered by disqus", search engine marketing benefits blog comments powered by disqus, search engine marketing experts "powered by disqus", search engine marketing services "powered by disqus, search engine optimization "powered by disqus", search engine optimization outsourcing " powered by blogger.com, search engine optimization powerded by disqus:.com, search engine optimization powered by blogspot, search engine optimization powered by disqus:.com, search engine optimization techniques tips powered by disqus, search engine optimization tips "powered by disqus", search engine optimization tips blog powered by disqus, search engine optimizations disquss blog, search engine rank optimization blog powered by disqus, search engine submission "powered by disqus", search engine submission "powered by disqus", seo advantages blog powered by disqus, seo advantages disqus, seo benefits, seo benefits blog comments powered by disqus, seo benefits disqus, seo benefits"powered by disqus", seo blog "powered by disqus", seo blog comment list, seo blog comment powered by disqus, seo blog commenting enabled powered by disqus:.com, seo blog comments powered by disqus, seo blog disqus, seo blogs comment powered by disqus, seo blogs disqus, seo blogs list disqus, seo blogs with disqus, seo disqus, seo disqus blogs, seo firm "powered by disqus", seo internet marketing blog - "powered by blogger.com" -"blogspot.com", seo live blogs list, seo marketing servicesdisqus blogs, seo outsourcing service "powered by disqus", seo outsourcing services "power by disqus", seo outsourcing services "powered by disqus", seo powerded by disqus, seo powered by disqus, seo resources "powered by disqus", seo services "blog", seo services "powered by disqus", seo services blogs powered by disqus, seo services"powered by disqus", seo southampton typepad blog comment, seo tricks powered by disqus, seo website benefits disqus blogs, seo"powered by disqus", seoservice disqus, site review powered by disqus:.com, site.:com inurl:blog"seo company"comments 2011, site: .com inurl: typepad "finance", site:. "powerd by" "blogspot", site:. *seo* *disqus*, site:. *seo* *disqus* *comment*, site:.com " blog comment powered by disqus " "recent comments", site:.com "powered by disqus" "design ", site:.com inurl:blog "comment" -"you must be logged in" -"posting closed" -"comment closed" "social media optimization", social bookmarking benefits blog comments powered by disqus, social bookmarking services "powered by disqus", social marketing disqus blogs, social media blogs comment powered by disqus, social media optimization powered by disqus, social media optimization service "powered bydisqus"", social media optimization"powered by disqus", social networking blog commenting enabled powered by :disqus:.com, submission of article disqus, Tech, technical blog commenting site list, to, topic : web hosting powered by disqus, video, web content development "powered by disqus", web design "blog comments powered by disqus", web design : disqus, web design australia powered by disqus, web design blog comments by disqus, web design blog disqus, web design blog powerd by, web design blogs powered by disqus, web design power by disqus, web design powered by disqus, web design recent comments : disqus, web designing blog, web designing blog comments powered by disqus, web designing"powered by disqus", web developer blog comments powered by blogspot, web developer blog comments powered by disqus, web hosting blogs powered by disqus, web page designing blogs disqus, website development "comments powered by disqus", website optimization tips blog powered by disqus, world records blog commenting powered by disqus:.com, www.realseocompany.com" inurl:article

Read More

Rules for Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds

Rules for Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds

1.     Write the metal symbol first and then the non metal symbol second.

Ca                           I

2.     Write the cation charge above the metal and the anion charge above the non metal

2+                         1-

       Ca                     I

3.     Do the crossover rule and write the charge for the cation as a subscript for the non metal symbol and the charge for the anion as a subscript for the metal.

2+                         1-

                       Ca                    I     à CaI2     ß subscript goes at the                                                                                                                         bottom of the symbol

                                                                        and is smaller.

Rules for Naming Ionic Compounds

First Word – Name of the metal

Second Word – Name of the non-metal end in “ide”

Ex: Calcium Iodide

Rules for Naming Ionic Compounds with Transition Metals

The stock naming system uses roman numerals to indicate the charge of the cation because they can have more than one charge.

First Word – Name of the metal

Roman numeral in brackets to indicate the charge

Second Word – Name of the non-metal end in “ide”

Ex:              FeCl3 is Iron (III) chloride

                   FeO is Iron (II) oxide

                   Cu2S is coper (I) Sulfide

                   PbO2 is lead (IV) oxide

How do I know the charge for iron is 3? I use the reverse crossover rule

                                                3+               1-

Ex:              FeCl3 à                   Fe               Cl à   Iron (III)Cloride

Rules for Naming Ionic Compounds with Transition Metals

The stock naming system uses roman numerals to indicate the charge of the cation because they can have more than one charge.

First Word – Name of the metal

Roman numeral in brackets to indicate the charge

Second Word – Name of the non-metal end in “ide”

Ex:              FeCl3 is Iron (III) chloride

Rules for Naming Ionic Compounds with Transition Metals

The classic naming system uses the latin word with the ending “ous” to indicate the transition metal’s with the lower ion charge and the ending “ic” to indicate the greater ion charge of the transition metal.

For example: Fe is Ferrum and can have a charge of +2 ferrous or +3 ferric.

Element	Latin Name	Ion with lower charge		Ion with Higher Charge
Iron			Fe2+		Fe3+
Copper	Cuprum		Cu+		Cu2+
Lead	Plumbum		Pb2+		Pb4+

Formula	Classical System	Stock System
FeCl3	Ferric Chloride
FeO	Ferrous Oxide
Cu2S	Coprous Sulfide
PbO2	Plumbic Oxide

Write the chemical formula for each

a) Copper (I) Oxide

b) Lead (IV) Bromide

c) Iron (III) Sulfide

d) Nickel (III) Flouride

e) Manganese IV) Fluoride

Read More

Elements, Compounds, Chemical Formula Writing and Naming

Elements, Compounds, Chemical Formula Writing and Naming, Moles, & Concentration

I.                   Elements & Compounds

a.       The universe is made up of energy and matter

b.      Matter is made up of building blocks called elements (~100 or so)

c.       Each element is made of one type of atom

d.      The elements combine together to form compounds

e.       Atoms combine together to form molecules (millions and millions of different kinds)

f.       Do “Elements & Compounds Review & Practice” WS

II.                Chemical formulas – Writing

a.       A chemical formula consists of symbols of the elements and subscripts (small numbers), which indicate the number of each element present in the compound.

                                                              i.      Simple rules in writing Chemical Formulas:

1.      Represent each kind of element in a compound with the correct symbol for that element

2.      Use subscripts to indicate the number of atoms of each type in the compound. If there is only one atom of a particular element, no subscript is used

3.      Write the symbol for the metallic element first.

4.      Use the ion charges to balance out the charges. (All molecules are neutral; net charge = 0)

5.      Special case for polyatomic ions: keep the whole ployatomic group together and use brackets if necessary.

                                                            ii.      Examples:

1.      Sodium Iodide                                    NaI

2.      magnesium oxide                    MgO

3.      zinc chloride                            ZnCl₂

4.      potassium nitrate                     KNO₃

5.      Aluminum sulphate                 Al₂(SO₄)₃

6.      Lead (IV) oxide                      PbO₂  (Why the IV?)

III.             Chemical Formula – Naming

a.       By looking at the above examples and your own knowledged gained in previous courses you should be able to develop a “feel” for naming chemical formulas.

b.      Some simple rules:

                                                              i.      Name metallic element first – unchanged

                                                            ii.      Name non-metallic element second – change ending to –ide

                                                          iii.      If polyatomic ion is present use its name as given

                                                          iv.      If the metal has more than one different charge i.e. Iron comes in two forms: Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ then use a roman numeral to state which one is present.

                                                            v.      Examples:

1.      Na₂O               sodium oxide

2.      MgF₂               magnesium fluoride

3.      Co₂O₃              cobalt (III) oxide

4.      PbSO₄             lead (II) sulphate

5.      (NH₄)₃PO₄       ammonium phosphate

                                                          vi.       Review Worksheet

IV.             Balancing Chemical Reaction Equations

a.       Word Equation – states the reactant compounds that are reacting to produce product compounds.

                                                              i.      Sodium   +   chlorine   à sodium chloride

b.      Translating this reaction means to re-write the reaction using the correct chemical formulas for each reactant and product.

                                                              i.      Na   +    Cl₂   à    NaCl

c.       Balancing the chemical reaction means to ensure that each side of the equation has the same number and kind of atom. Is this chemical equation balanced?

                                                              i.      To balance chemical reaction equations we use coefficients in front of the chemical formulas. DO NOT ALTER THE SUBSCIPTS!

1.      2 Na    +   1Cl₂   à   2 NaCl   (Note: 1’s can be  left out)

                                                            ii.      Check to see if you are balanced by counting up the atoms on both sides

d.      Please note: In chemistry 12 a lot of our discussions and areas of studies depend on being able to create and balance a chemical reaction equation. This may depend on writing a correct chemical formula. In order to do well in Chemistry 12, students have to be able to write chemical formulas and balance chemical reaction equations easily.

e.       Review worksheet #18 & 19

V.                Moles (Furry Creatures?, Skin blemish?, or maybe… a chemistry term!)

a.       Moles are very important in chemistry, but remember it just a number! (Dozen = 12, 1 gross = 144, 1 case = 12 etc.)

1 mole = 6.02 x 10²³

            This number was chosen so that when you have this many atoms of any element, the mass of all the atoms would equal the atomic mass given on the periodic table.

i.e.       carbon             1 mole = 6.02 x 10²³  = 12.00 g

            oxygen                        1 mole = 6.02 x 10²³  = 16.00 g

b.      Calculating the molar mass of a compound:

                                                              i.      Molar Mass = mass of 6.02 x 10²³ molecules of that compound

                                                            ii.      To determine the mass of this many molecules we take the mass of one proton and then multiply it by … just kidding!!!

1.      Molar Mass of a Molecule:

a.       Find the molar mass of each element in the compound according to the periodic table.

b.      Multiple each mass by the number of each element in the compound.

c.       Add up all the individual masses:

                                                                                                                                      i.      Example:         NaNO₃

Na                   23.0 g x  1   =    23.0 g

N                     14.0 g x  1   =    14.0 g

O                     16.0 g x  3   =    48.0 g

                                                                               Molar Mass of NaNO₃ =  85.0 g/mole

d.      Now Try These:

                                                                                                                                      i.      NaBr                           _____________

                                                                                                                                    ii.      MnCl₂                                  _____________

                                                                                                                                  iii.      Al2O₃                                  _____________

                                                                                                                                  iv.      (NH₄)₃PO₄                   _____________

                                                                                                                                    v.      CoCl₂*5H₂0                _____________

c.       Mole Conversions

                                                              i.      In Chemistry 12 converting from moles to mass and back again occurs all the time. I know that this is taught in Chemistry 11. I will not spend a great deal of time on this topic but here is a real quick review:

                                                            ii.      Moles to mass:

Mass (g)  =    Molar Mass    x    # of moles

               i.e.  What is the mass of 0.065 moles of NaCl?

               Mass =   0.065 moles x  58.5 g/mole  =   3.8 g of NaCl

                                                          iii.      Mass to moles:

Moles  =   Mass / Molar Mass

               i.e.  How many moles are there in 12.0 g of MgF₂?

First find the molar mass of MgF₂:        62.3 g/mole

Then:           # moles =  12.0 g / 62.3 g/mole = 0.193 moles MgF₂

VI.             Reaction and Mole Ratios

a.       Chemical reaction Equations were not created to make chemistry students live difficult!

b.      They actually serve an important purpose.

c.       Remember this pervious reaction:

2 Na    +   1Cl₂   à   2 NaCl

The coefficients state the mole ratio for the reaction between Na and Cl₂.

2 Na    +   1Cl₂   à   2 NaCl

For example: This reaction means:

2 moles of Na will combine with 1 mole of Cl₂ to form 2 moles of NaCl

or

4 moles of Na will combine with 2 mole of Cl₂ to form 4 moles of NaCl

or

0.01 moles of Na will combine with 0.005 mole of Cl₂ to form 0.01 moles of NaCl

2 Al_(s)  +  3 FeCO_3(aq)  à  Al₂(CO₃)_3(aq)  +  3 Fe_(s)

How many grams of iron (II) carbonate would be needed to completely react with 108 g of aluminum?

Solution:

Step 1: Convert grams of Al to moles of Al

Step 2: Determine the mole ratio between Al and FeCO₃.

Step 3: Find the number of moles of FeCO₃ from the moles of Al and the mole ratio.

Step 4: Convert moles of FeCO₃ back to gram of FeCO₃.

VII.          Concentration Calculations:

a.       Once again this topic was covered in Chemistry 11. I will only give you a quick over view of it here. All of Chemistry 12 is solution chemistry, which means that calculating concentrations and using concentrations to solve problems is an important concept to know.

b.      Concentration  =  moles / volume

			(Units = Molar = moles/litre)

 

c.       Example:

What is the concentration of a solution made when 19.0 g of Mg(NO₃)₂ is dissolved in a total volume of 250 mL of water?

                                                              i.      Find the molar mass of Mg(NO₃)₂:

Mg(NO₃)₂  =    148.3 g/mole

                                                            ii.      Find the number of moles from this molar mass and the mass given:

# moles  =  19.0g / 148.3 g/mole  = 0.12811 moles

                                                          iii.      Calculate the concentration of the solution:

C   =  n / V  =  0.12811 moles  /  0.250 L

           

        = 0.512 M Mg(NO₃)₂ Solution

d.      Now try this one:

A student needs to prepare 125 mL solution of a 0.300 M lead (II) nitrate solution. How many grams of the lead (II) nitrate does he need?

Read More